LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



^ 



. n 



A SYJVOPSIS OF HIS TO BY. 



GENEEAL HISTOEY, 



FROM B.G. 800 TO A. D. 187C, 



OUTLINED IN 



DIAGRAMS AND TABLES; 



INDEX AND GENEALOGIES. 



GENERAL REFERENCE, AND FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 



>r+? 



i>> 



BY 



V SAMUEL WILLARD, AM., M.D., 

ritOFEBSOE OF HISTOKY IN CIIICAUO UIGU-SCUOOL. 



NEAV YORK: 
D. APPLE TON AND COMPANY, 

649 k S51 BROADWAY. 

1878. 




9r 



COPYKIGnT HY 

SAMUEL WILLAKD, 

1S11. 



PREFACE, 



Tins little work is not the result of a purpose to write a book, but is a growth 
from the author's experience first as a student and next as a teacher. He used 
the method in his own reading long before he contrived to simplify it and make 
it practical for his pupils. 

Every reader of history finds it difficult to bring before his mind the parallel 
currents of events in different countries, so as to connect those occurring in the 
same period. History seems not a web, but long, parallel threads of warp, 
without the cross-threads of woof. Histories of countries are read separately, 
and remain separate in the mind at last. It is desirable, then, to study history 
by periods, as well as in national lines ; and, on the whole, no other periods 
prove so convenient as the centuries by which we reckon ; for, if we choose 
periods by the history of any one people, we shall not find them coincident pre- 
cisely with proper periods of the history of the other contemporary nations ; and, 
for ease of remembrance, the centurial periods have special and manifest ad\'an- 
tages. 

The use of diagrams or charts to present the contemporaneousness of events 
is a well-known and long-used device ; and different forms have various excel- 
lences and defects. The present work follows mainly a plan common enough 
since Dr. Priestley's day at least ; and its author claims only to have made an 
appi'opriate selection of the most important events of each century from 800 
13. c. to the present time, and especially to have devised a simple, expeditious, 
and convenient method of making and using such diagrams or charts in the 
study of history. All other modes of making them, that he has ever seen, are 
too difficult, complicated, or arbitrary, for practical nse by pupils or common 
readers ; from years of experience he knows these to be readily understood and 

easilv drawn by his classes. 

3 



PREFACE. 

Ill the selection of events it has seemed best to choose so many as to sug- 
gest the points most notable and worthy to be studied, and yet so few that one 
may hope to remember something of each. For the most part, those have been 
chosen wbicli bear close relation to the great movements of history; and often 
a small matter may have great consequences. Thus, on the first chart are the 
words "Gyges attacks Ionian cities;" this incident leads on to the great Greck 
and Persian War, and is the earliest link that can be dated in the chain of 
causes. The death of a woman, noted 5i is. c, helps to bring on a great civil 
war. 

The dates of ancient history have been carefully taken from Prof. Piawlin- 
son's " Manual of Ancient History," which attempts to correct the errors of the 
Eoman calendar, and hence differs from most Koman histories in dates prior to 
2S0. For instance, the battle of the Allia is generally dated 390 b. c. ; Momm- 
sen so dates it, but says in a note that the true date is 388 b. c, which date is 
here used. If in modern history dates occur in these charts differing from 
current ones, the author is sure he will be always justified by competent author- 
ity ; to take a notable instance, the death of Egbert is generally dated 83G ; this 
work follows Mr. Freeman in dating it 838. 

For explanations of the diagrams, and for special modes of use of them in 
reading, studying, and teaching history, the reader is referred to the pages imme- 
diately following. It is hoped that these tables, with their notes, the genealogi- 
cal taljles, all of which have been drawn for this work, and the inde.x, will pi'ove 
useful as a text-book for students, and as a manual of reference for general 
readers. 



E XPLANATI O N S 



1. Ox each pago, or, alter 1200 a. r>., on orich pa,ir of opposite pages, is a dingram 
of a century's history. Each page is divided by lines from lop to bottom, which 
mark off successive periods of four years each. Each line (not sjxtce) is dated at 
the top. Events are entered on this principle : everi/ event hapitening in a year 
represented by a line is noted on that line ; events of other years are noted at pro- 
]}07'tionate distances from the lines. This is a fundamental characteristic, never 
departed from, and adhered to as closely as possible in all the diagrams or charts. 

Hence, relations of time are shown as accurately as those of space on a map. 
Successive events are shown in succession from left to right ; those of the same date 
are on the same line, from top to bottom, of the diagram or chart. As far as con- 
venient, events relating to any one country are grouped in the same line or adjacent 
lines ; but events affecting several countries are entered but once. 

Illustrations. — In the chart of Century III. b. o., the line dated 220 has noted on it the 
event "Hannibal takes command" of the armies of Carthage; the next line to the right, 21fl, 
has noted on it the battle of Canure; the events of 219, 218, and 217, are noted at equal dis- 
tances in the intervening space ; 218 is in the middle of the space ; 219 is near the line of 220 ; 
and 217 is near the line of 216. 

As to contemporaneous events: on the line 18-48 in the last diagram, or chart of Century 
XIX., are found the deposition of Louis Philippe; the end of the reign of Ferdinand of Aus- 
tria; the accession of Francis Josepli ; the beginning of the Danish War of Sclileswig-IIolstein ; 
theTliird French Revolution; the Hungarian, Gorman, Italian, and Irish Revolts; the Chartist 
movement; and the end of the Mexican War. 

As to grouping, see Centuries XVII. and XVIII., wherein, under tlie lines of kings, the 
events principally affecting France come first; next those touching Germany; then those 
touching England ; then those of other European powers, and of the Turks and Asiatics ; 
and lastly tliose relating to the New World. This order of grouping is followed as tar as 
possible. 

2. An event is noted by a dot with figures before or after it. Sometimes a short 
vertical line is used for two or more dots of the same date. A line denotes a con- 
tinuous event, as a war, or a reign ; figures at beginning and end denote its term or 
time of continuance. When a continuous event runs on from one centurv into the 
next, the right-hand side-space has a date to show how far it goes on into the next 

r> 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

centurj- ; and, correspondingly, a date in the left-liand side-space shows when in the 
preceding century a reign or other continuous event began. 

Illustkations. — The short vertical line see in 1609 and 1848. The lines for contimions 
events are in every chart. Sometimes such an event is not shown in hoth centuries : thus, in 
Century VII., the reign of Chosroes II., of Persia, is shown to have hegun in 590 ; but the first 
part of liis reign being unimportant, it is not shown on the cliart of Century VI. To save 
space, a single dot or sign with its figures is used for two events; thus in 322 b. c, one dot and 
date stand for the deaths of Demosthenes and Aristotle; often the same figures denote the 
end of a war, and the date of the peace or other result of the war, as in 1435, 1552, 1559, 1G48, 
and 1009. 

3. Lines of monarchs are represented by lines for the reigns, joined by vertical 
lines, with no breaks except for interregnums or changes of dynasty. Few lines are 
represented fully except those of Persia, Rome, France, Germany, England, and 
Prussia; but, after 800, the uppermost line is always France ; the next, Germany ; 
and the third, England. Partners or rivals in government are shown by separate 
parallel lines for each, or by names joined by and; successive rulers coming to 
power in the same year are shown by one name under another. 

Illustrations. — Co-rulers see in Century VI. b. o., Ilippias and Hipparchus; in Century 
II., Marcus Aurelius and Verus, co-emperors; Diocletian and tliree others at the close of 
Century III. Use of and for co-rulers see in Century III., Gallus, Volusian, and Ilostilian. 
Rivals, see in Century XIII., Philip and Otho IV.; William of Holland, rival to Frederick III. 
and Conrad IV. ; Alfonso and Richard. Successive rulers, see in Century I. ; Otho succeeds 
Galba in 09 ; he is succeeded in the same year by Vitellius, and he by Vespasian, whose reign 
extends into the following years. So in Century III., Masimin's reign ends in 238; Gordian 
I. and Gordian II. follow in succession; then Pupitnus Maximns .and Balbinus, co-rulers, fol- 
low in the same year; when they are slain, Gordian III. fills out the year and reigns to 244. 

4. An oblique cross X, as often on maps, denotes a hotd-haitlc ; two crosses 
mean batllcx oit land ; a square, D, representing a .sail, .stands for a naval liattk. 

The algebraic sign, >, means dt'/eats ; or, if but one party is named, it means 
%cins the hattlo ; the reverse sign, <, means is defeated, or loses the battle ; the sign 
opens toward the victorious party and points to the losing one. 

Illti.strations. — In Century XIX., lS05-'G-'7 show the b.ittlo of Austcrlitz, France defeats 
Austria ; the naval battle of Trafalgar, England defeats France ; and the indecisive battles of 
Eylau and Friedland, between France and Russia. In Century XV., in the Wars of the Roses, 
the fortunes iif tha House of Lancaster are shown; " L. >" means that the Lancastrians win; 
but " L. < " means that the Lancastrians lose. 

.5. The sign vs. (that is, versus) means ar/a/'nst ; the Greek D, a triangle, A, 
means died / the interrogation-point, ?, before or after a date, an age, or a state- 
ment, denotes doubt or uncertainty ; the time or age is uncertain, or it is doubtful 
whether the statement, though current, is true. A number inclosed in parentheses 
after a name always denotes the age of the person at death. 

Illustrations. — In Century I. e. c, .at dates 53, 44, and 42, it is shown that the ages of 
Crassus, Ca'sar, and Brutus, were 01, 50, and 43. On tlie same chart, at the bottom, it appears 
that neither the exact date of the death of Catullus nor his iirecise age is known ; and the age 
of Lcpidus is not to be given even ajjproxiiuately. In Century VII., date 040, we find "Alex- 
andria taken ; library burnt (?)." This indicates that the story of the burning of the library 
is a doubtful one. 

6 



EXPLANATIONS. 

6. The sign @ signifies about ; the sign of equality, =, means the same us, or 
eqtiivalent to ; the sign plus, +, means and afterward, or in following years ; the 
abbreviation etc. is used to mean and others. In close or crowded passages the 
brackets, [ ], are used to separate items that might otherwise be taken together ; 
sometimes they join an item in two or more parts or lines. For flourished, fl. ; for 
founded, f. 

Illustrations.— For the sign @ sec dates 760 b. c, 1033, and 1360 a. u.; the sign of equal- 
ity is seen twice in Century VIII., to show that "Karl the Great" is equivalent to "Charle- 
magne," and "Abu Jaafer" is the same as " Almansor." So in Century XIX., date 1806, it is 
meant that the battle of Koniggratz is sometimes called Sadowa. In Century III. the date 
2G0-I- shows that the rise of the usurpers and the weakness of Gadienus began in 260 and went 
on for some years. 

7. Imjiortant names, dates, and suggestive words, are printed in bold-faced type ; 
every student of history will find it desirable to commit these dates to memory, and 
to make himself specially acquainted with the persons and events so designated. 
The running titles suggest the most important matters of each century still more 
briefly. 



MODES OF USING THESE CUAETS, 

FOR INSTRUCTION OR STUDY. 



To ol)taiii the greatest benefit from any chart, table, or diagram, it should be 
cxamiiu'il until its plan is comprehended, and then it should be copied. The act of 
writing it serves to fix the substance and the words in mind ; and if the location of 
tlie several parts of the diagram is significant, the memory of place, conveniently 
called the faculty of locality, comes in to aid the recollection ; and for many per- 
sons this is the best aid to the memory. 

The w-riter of this work makes his pupils copy the charts carefully, seeing that 
they do it neatly and accurately ; and, lacking printed copies, he has written these 
diagrams upon the blackboard, commenting upon the events while so doing. All 
good teaching of history requires that the teacher shall furnish explanations, illus- 
trations, statements of causes and eifects, details, and anecdotes, to enlighten and 
vivify the subject. When the diagram of a century is completed, it is made the 
special subject of study in connection with the text-book, or with the oral lessons 
of the teacher and with reading. By writing the chart first, the pupil has already 
acquired a general knowledge of the history of the century, and has retained in 
mind many of the facts and much of the chronological order of events. 

This copying is of the utmost importance, even if the pupil relies upon his 
printed cojiy as his permanent resource ; he will remember the event because he has 
written it and associated it with a certain part of his page ; and with it he will 
remember much else that he has learned of it. 

The chart is an abstract of the history of the century, and is most convenient in 
reviewing as well as in the original study of the period. The writer often marks oft' 
on the blackboard spaces of one hundred inches for centuries, dividing each again 
into five parts bj' vertical lines ; he then sends one or two pupils to each century- 
space, telling some to write events in their proper place, and others to write the 
names of persons in tiiat part of the century to which their career belongs ; thus 
the chart is substantially reproduced. But the pupils should not be recjuircd to 
remember the dates. The effort necessary to remember precise dates is painful to 
most, impossible to many; and it is better to expend the intellectual and mnemonic 
power in comprehending the events and their succession than in fixing the numbers 

s 



MODES OF USING THE CHARTS. 

in mind. A few dates, especially those given in bold-faced type on the charts, 
should be remembered. 

If the teacher thinks that too many events or unimportant ones are on the chart, 
let him order the omission of some of them ; and, conversely, lie may direct the 
addition of others ; but the danger is, that too much will be attempted rather than 
too little. 

The history of each country may be taken separately, or the entire chart of a 
century may be copied at once. The author's experience leads him to prefer the 
latter method. Thus, in the fifth century before Christ, the pupils write the events 
of Roman history, while they are studying Greek history, though but little is said 
of Roman affairs. In this way events belonging to two or more countries are 
entered but once, and are considered in turn in the separate history of each coun- 
try. In the middle ages, history can hardly be studied by countries at all ; we must 
consider the period of Justinian, of Charles Martel, of Charlemagne. 

The author is asked, " Why not use inks of different colors for different coun- 
tries ? " Because it is too much trouble, and complicates the work ; because our 
assortment of inks (black, blue, red, and violet) is too small for the number of coun- 
tries ; and because it is difficult to represent the joining of nations in one event. 
How can we conveniently use different colors to record the battle of Bouvines, 
A. D. 1314, involving four powers ? or the War of tiie Austrian Succession, involving- 
seven powers ? 

Again, " Why not have the space between lines represent five years instead of 
four ? " Because the pupil can easier divide the space into fourths than into fifths ; 
and again, if a sheet of cap-paper be used as hereinafter directed, the chart will be 
made too short from left to right, if five-year spaces be used. 

Paper foe the Charts. — For some of the author's pupils, stationers have pro- 
pared paper on which to write the charts, with lines ruled in each direction, so that 
the pages are about ten by thirteen inches in dimension, or the size of a common 
school-atlas, this having been found the most convenient size. Jiut specially-ruled 
paper is not necessary ; and herein are a special convenience, economy, and practi- 
calness of this method of making charts. Ordinary foolscap-paper with the common 
ruling of twenty-six spaces in ten inches will do very well, in half-sheets for most 
centuries, or in whole sheets for the fullest centuries. 

Turn the half-sheet so that the long edge may be the top of the chart ; then the 
blue lines will represent the dated lines of these printed charts ; and twenty-five 
spaces (iiot lilies), as nearly central on the sheet as possible, with two more for the 
marginal spaces of the chart, may be taken to be used like the corresponding spaces 
on these printed charts. The side-lines having been ruled, head-lines should bo 
drawn between them near the edge of the paper, so as to give places for the title- 
lines and for the figures to date the blue lines which run from top to bottom. The 
sheet will now be like what these printed and ruled charts would be if the words and 
figures were omitted. The sheet so prepared lacks the ordinary lines upon which to 
write; but these maybe lightly put in with a pencil and afterward erased. Now 
put in dates at the top, dating the lines and not the intervening spaces ; it will gen- 
erally be best, except at the beginning and end and once in twenty years, to put in 
only two figures to date the lines, thus : liSOO. '4, '8, '12, '16, 1820, '24, '28, etc., in- 
stead of writing out the full numbers 1804, 1808, 1812, etc. 
1 9 

y 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

Never put more than one century on a page ; ami, if you use common cap-paper, 
write on but one side of the paper. 

Special Suggestions to Readers and Students. — Persons who use this 
work as a book of reference and as a help in reading history wOl find themselves 
much aided in their studies if they will prepare sheets of paper as above said, and 
will make abstracts of events as they read, following the method of these charts. 
The selection of events for these abstracts will both test and aid their judgment and 
knowledge, and will help their memories as well. Besides the evidence of his own 
personal use of the plan, the author has always found that his best pupils take most 
pleasure and interest in making their charts ; or else it is true that their interest and 
work make them the best learners. 



THE MOST IirORTANT DATES. 



The learning of many dates is very repugnant to most pupils, and causes them 
to dislike the study of liistory. It is a useless cruelty to insist upon more than four 
or five to a century in general history ; and a pupil may he really very intelligent in 
history who has not tried to learn a hundred dates in the twenty-seven centuries 
herein presented. By selection of "pivotal events" or " landmarks," the general 
course of history can be located in the centuries with sufficient accuracy for a gen- 
eral understanding of it, taking sometimes a single date in a century, sometimes 
even six or eight, it ma}' be ; and more than a sufficient accuracy should not be posi- 
tively required ; for the available intellectual power of reader or pupil may be bet- 
ter spent in acquiring an intimate knowledge of facts, and their causes and efl'ects, 
of persons and institutions, and of geographj-, than in committing to memory lists 
of kings and columns of dates. 

The following' paragraphs give the dates printed in bold-faoc type in the charts, 
with reasons for their value where it may be desirable ; and a few not so printed are 
added : 

Century VIII., b. c. 776, Era of Olympiads, when tlie Olympic games l)egan 
to be held regularly once in four years ; and this was the finly era or point of reck- 
oning used throughout all Greece. 776 is also the earliest positive date of Greek 
history-. (To remember it, associate it with 1770, date of American independence.) 
753 (April 21), the assumed date of the founding of Rome, according to Varro ; the 
Romans reckoned from this date, designating the year by the letters " A. U. C." 

Century VII., n. c. 625, End of Assyria ; Nineveh destroyed ; Media and 
Babylonia divide her territory. This marks the fall of a very ancient power and 
the rise of its immediate successors. Next in importance is 660, Height of Assyrian 
Power. 

Century VI., n. c. 594 to 570, Solon's Legislation, by which, and from the 
time of which, Athens grows in liberty, power, and importance. 510, Expulsion of 
Hippias, and the Roman Regifuge, which latter may have been a little later. By 
the expulsion of Hippias, Athens enters on her career of democratic freedom. By 
the Regifuge or exjmlsion of the kings, the aristocratic republic of Rome is founded. 
501, the Ionic Revolt begins ; this revolt of the Ionic cities against Persia is really 

11 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

the beginning of the great struggle of Greece with Persia. Inferior dates are 558, 
Persia founded by Cyrus ; 525, Persia conquers Egypt. 

Centuey v., b. c. 490, the Battle of Marathon. This is the first decisive bat- 
tle of European liistory ; it decided that the Greeks would, and successfully could, 
resist Persia. 480, Battles of ThermopylEe and Salamis. 450, Height of Athenian 
Power. 431 to 404, the Great Peloponnesian War, and Fall of Athens ; the 
deadly struggle of Athens and Sparta, in which Athens was subjected and taken. 
401, Anabasis of Cyrus ; this provoked the following Spartan-Persian War, and 
showed the possibility of the conquest of Persia, which took place seventy years 
later. 

Century IV., b. c. 400, Height of SjDartan Power. 387, Peace of Antalcidas ; 
and the Gauls take Rome. The Peace of Antalcidas marks the humiliation of 
Sparta, the power of Persia exercised in Greek affairs, and the ignominious sur- 
render of the Asiatic coast to her. The Gauls took Rome in February of that year; 
the Romans related a fiction of a rescue by Camillus ; and the battle of Allia is gen- 
erally erroneously dated 390 B. c, and this capture or rescue in 389. 362, Battle of 
Mantineia ; Epaminondas dies ; tiiis is the end of the brief period of Theban great- 
ness. Connect with this the Licinian Legislation at Rome ; for the First Plebeian 
Consul, elected in 3C3, was in the last month of his office, June, 302, when the bat- 
tle was fought. The Licinian Legislation was as important in Roman politics as the 
results of the Secession War in American history. 

333, Battle of Issus (notice three 3's in the date and three s's in Issus), Alexan- 
der's first great battle with Persia. 301, Battle of Ipsus, which settles the division 
of Alexander's great kingdom : Cassander has Greece and Macedon ; Lysimachus 
gets Thrace with Northern and Western Asia Minor ; Seleucus gets Southeast Asia 
Minor, Syria, and the East, to the Indus ; Ptolemy holds Egypt and Libya. 300, 
the Ogulnian Law opens the offices of Pontiff and Augur to the plebeians, and ends, 
in effect, the long struggle of the two Orders. 

Century III., b. c. 264, Beginning of First Punic War ; 201, End of Second 
Punic War. It may easily be remembered that in the year before the First Piitiic 
War, 265, Rome is Mistress of Peninsular Italy ; iiaving all of Italy, she grapples a 
foe outside of it. < )f notable importance is 280, Rise of the Achaean and yEtolian 
Leagues. 

Century' II., b. c. 140, Destruction of Carthage and of Corinth ; end of the 
Third Punic War, and conquest of Greece, ended by the fall of the Ach;i?an League. 
133, Tiberius Gracchus slain : a rapid degradation of Roman politics follows this 
election riot and partisan murder. 101, End of the Great Cimbrian War, which was 
regarded by Rome as a danger almost ec[ual to the Second Punic War. 
"^ (Notice" the scries of similar dates : 501, 401, 301, 201, 101.) 

Century I., B. c. 100, Julius Ca3sar born. 44, Caesar assassinated. 31, Battle 
of Actium, which threw all power into the hands of Octavian (Augustus), and firmly 
established tlie empire which Julius had begun. 48, Battle of Pharsalia, is hardly 
less important, which overthrew the senatorial party and Pompey, and gave Julius 
Crosar supremacy. 4, Birth of Jesus Christ. This is the commonly-received date ; 
the monk (Dionysius Exiguus, 527 A. P.), who introduced the use of the Christian 
Era, supposed Christ to have been born December 25th, in the year 1, b. v., that is, 
just a week before the first New-Year's-day of the new ei'a. There is not agreement 

12 



THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES. 

among scholars as to tlie precise time of Christ's birth. See Blair's " Chronological 
Tables" (Bohn's Scientific Library), p. 147. 

Century I. 9, Battle of Teutoberg Forest, which prevents the conquest of 
Germany by Rome. Dr. Arnold deems this one of the two most important battles of 
history, the other being 733 a. d., Battle of Tours. It was best that the Teutonic 
nations should not be conquered and corrupted by Rome. 70, Destruction of Jeru- 
salem ; the Jews were dispersed and their political existence ended. 

Cextuey II. 180, End of the Good Emperors. Gibbon calls the time of the 
Good Emperors "the period in the history of the world during which the condition 
of the human race was most happy and prosperous." 

Century III. 250, First great Army of Goths crosses the Danube. This will 
recall Decius and his fate, and will fix this century as one of great barbarian in- 
roads and of military emperors. 

Century IV. 313, Edict of Milan ; Christians favored ; rights restored. This 
marks the time of Constantine, and the political success of Christianity just after 
the worst persecution it had ever experienced. 395, Final Division of the Empire 
into East and West ; all previous divisions had been temporary arrangements for 
administration. Other dates of most importance in this century are 325, Council of 
Nice (Nica?a), and 385, Paganism abolished, ten years before the division of the 
empire. 

Century V. 451, Battle of Chalons ; great defeat of the ravaging and destroy- 
ing Huns under Attila. 476, End of the Western Empire ; this was, however, 
revived by Charlemagne in 800 and by Otho 11. in 962 ; for the people of the mid- 
dle ages regarded that as the true Roman Empire. 486, Frankish kingdom founded 
in Gaul. Observe, only ten j'cars elapse between the fall of the great ancient gov- 
ernment and the rise of another from which grew the great modern powers of Ger- 
many and France with no break in their continuity. 

If a date is wanted for Alaric, take 410, Alaric sacks Rome, and dies the same 
year. 449, Reputed date of Saxon occupation of Britain, is notable for English his- 
tory, being its proper beginning. 

Century VI. This is the century of Justinian ; for him we may take 533, Issue 
of the " Civil Law ; " but on the chart 555 is given, which may be learned thus : 
about 555, Silk-culture brought to Eastern Empire, in Justinian's reign. This will 
fix Justinian as well as the special event. Some claim that 551 is the exact year. 
The culture was probably introduced from Persia, or perhaps from Mesopotamia only. 

Century VIL 622, the Hejira, Flight of Mohammed. From July 16, 622, the 
Mohammedans reckon dates, designated by Europeans by the letters "A. H.' that 
is Anno Hejirw, or year of the Hejira (Hegira, or Hejra). But their year consists 
of 354 days, occasionally 355, being 10, 11, or 13 days shorter than our year ; hence, 
to add 623 to the number of a year a. h. will not give our corresponding year. 
Thus, A. H. 906 was not our year 1528, but began July 27, 1500 a. d. Nor is it true 
that Mohammed's flight was on July 16th, but only that Mohammedans reckon from 
that day as the beginning of the year of the Hejira. There are published tables for 
making accurate calculations of dates in both eras. {See Ducange, and Dunham's 
" History of Spain and Portugal.") 

The most important date of European history for this century is 687, Battle of 
Testry, which leads to the Karling monarchy. 

13 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

Century VIII. 733, Battle of Tours ; Charles Martel defeats the Saracens, and 
stays their career of conquest. (*S'ee Dr. Arnold's remarks, cited under Century I.) 
But Dr. Freeman says that the repulse of the Saracens from Constantinople in 718 
by Leo III. is more important still, being one of the most important events in all 
history. 752, End of the Merovingian kings ; Pepin the Short becomes king. This 
founds the line of Karling or Carlo vingian monarchs. 

An event of the last week of this century is entered upon the next chart, as its 
effects fall into that century. 

Century IX. On Christmas-day, December 25, 800, Charlemagne is crowned 
Emperor of the West. The Empire of the East was at this time usurped by a wicked 
woman, Irene, and Charlemagne took the title of Roman Emperor, and was held to 
be the true Western Emperor ; and his empire was deemed a revival of the Roman 
Empire, which was, in the time of Frederick I., Barbarossa, called the Holy Roman 
Empire. 

Remember, when Charlemagne became emperor, Irene was Empress of the East, 
Haroun-al-Raschid was Abbasside Calif, and Egbert, afterward King of all England, 
had just come to his throne as King of Wessex. 

840, First division of Charlemagne's Empire, to his three grandsons. The divis- 
ion made then was ratified and arranged by the Peace of Verdun. 888, Final divis- 
ion of Charlemagne's Empire: it began in November, 887, when the Germans elected 
King Aruulf, and was completed in 888, when the other jiarts of the emjiire had 
their several and independent rulers. 

Remember 900 as near the close of the reign of Alfreil the Great ; fix, by con- 
trast, Charlemagne, 800 ; Alfred, 900. 

Century X. The Hungarians ravage Southern and Central Euroj)e till 955, 
Battle of Augsburg ; Otho I. almost destroys them. Because of the loss of their 
warriors, they keep the peace, settle down in the Dacian or Avaric land, and become 
civilized, especially under their first king, St. Stephen. If other dates are wanted, 
take 912, Normandv given to Rollo ; and 987, Accession of Hugh Capet. It may 
be noticed that from (187, when Pepin of Hcristal gained power by the battle of 
Testry, to the death of his descendant, the last Karling ruler by male descent, in 
987, is exactly 300 years. 

Century XI. 1066, Battle of Hastings ; Norman conquest of England by 
AVilliam the Conqueror, 7th Duke of Normandy. 1077, Henry's submission at 
Canossa, marks the time of the contest of the Emperor, Henry IV., and the Pope, 
Gregory VII., Hildebrand, respecting the appointment of bishops ; and thus fixes 
the time of these men by a striking event. lOOG, the First Crusade moves. 

Century XII. 1190, Freilerick I., Barbaiossa, dies ; Emperor and German 
king. He was drowned in the Calycadnus in Cilicia, going on the Third Crusade, 
which was joined by Philip Augustus, of France, and by Richard the Lion-hearted, 
of England. This date fixes tliese three great kings, the most powerful in Europe ; 
it fixes also their contemporaries, Henry the Lion and Saladin, and the Third Cru- 
sade. Notice, the first crusade makes a king, Godfrey, of Bouillon, King of Jerusa- 
lem ; the second is joined by two kings, and the third by three. 

Century XIII. 1215, Magna Charta. This gives the time of King John and 
of the first great struggle for English liberty, which was much aided by the result 
of the Battle of Bouvines of tiie previous year. 1250, Death of Frederick II., 

14 



THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES. 

" Wonder of the World," and beginning- of the Great Interregnum in the Empire, 
during which no one was by all parties recognized and obeyed as emperor. This 
dates also the end of the power of the great Hohenstaufen dynasty, of which the 
two Fredericks are the most noble and most notable. 1270, Seventh (and last) 
Crusade, and Death of Louis IX., St. Louis. 

Centuky XIV. 1327 to 1377, Time of Edward III., the greatest of the Plan- 
tagenet kings (who are Henry II. to Richard II.). 1337, Edward claims the crown 
of France ; the "Hundred Years' War" begins. This reminds one of the battles of 
Crecy and Poitiers, and of the Black Prince. The date of next importance in Eng- 
lish history is 1314, Battle of Bannockburn, by which Bruce gains the independence 
of Scotland. 

Century XV. About 1436, Invention of Printing. 1453, Turks take Constan- 
tinople, and Fall of Eastern Empire ; also, English expelled from France, and End 
of the " Hundred Years' War." 1492, Columbus discovers America. Next to 
these in importance are 1429, Battle of Patay, or Orleans ; Jeanne d'Arc (or "Joan 
of Arc") defeats the English; 1455 to 1485, the Wars of the Roses, Red and 
White, Lancaster and York; and 1477, Death of Charles the Bold (better "the 
Rash"), Duke of Burgundy, the most powerful uncrowned prince in Europe, who 
intended to make a kingdom of his domains, rival to France. 

Century XVI. This century is crowded with notable events. 1517, the 
Reformation begins, which was soon a great political as well as religious move- 
ment. The time of the Reformation is the time of Leo X., Francis I., Charles V., 
Henry VIIL, Luther, Loyola, and Calvin ; it is also the height of Polish and of 
Turkish power. 1588, Spanish Armada defeated. This marks the height of Span- 
ish Power, and tiio reigns of Philip II. and Elizabeth. 1590, Battle of Ivry, which 
secured the French throne to Henry IV. and to the House of Bourbon. 1598, Edict 
of Nantes, which proclaimed toleration to Protestants in France. 

In this and the following centuries it is easy to pick out important dates ; it is a 
virtue and a wisdom not to find too many. Next to those named stand these : 
1556, Abdication of Charles V. and accession of Philip II., the Bigot ; 1525, Battle 
of Pavia ; 1534, Separation of the English Church from Rome, making the king 
(then Henry VIII.) head of the Church ; 1540, Establishment of the Order of 
Jesuits ; 1555, Diet of Augsburg, which confirms toleration of Protestantism in 
Germany, and secures cessation of religious wars in that country ; 1506, Revolt of 
the Netherlands, resulting in independence. 

Century XVH. 1618 to 1648, the Thirty Years' War, which began from the 
tyrannous bigotry of Ferdinand of Austria, desolated and depopulated Germany, and 
ended the political power of the Empire ; while " in character, in intelligence, and 
in morality, the German people wore set back two hundred years." {See Bayard 
Taylor's "History of Germany," close of chap, xxix.) 1649, Charles I., of England, 
beheaded ; beginning of the Commonwealth. 1688, "The Glorious Revolution" in 
England, and the War of the League of Augsburg (= "King William's War"). 
The revolution secured the liberties of England, and resulted in bringing in the 
House of Brunswick, or Hanover, in place of the Stuarts ; the war checked the 
grasping ambition of Louis XIV. ; England joined in it at once as a consequence 
of the accession of William, the author of the League. In American history, 1607, 
Jamestown, Va., founded ; 1620, Plymouth, Mass., founded. 

15 



GENERAL HISTORY. 

If other dates are desired, let them be 1632, Battle of Lutzen, in which Gustavus 
Adolpluis was killed, and the power of Sweden broken ; 1643, End of Richelieu's 
life and ministry, and beginning of Mazarin's ministry ; and 1G85, Revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes, which renews persecution of Protestants in France. 

Centukt XVIII. 1701 to 1713, War of the Spanish Succession (= "Queen 
Anne's War" in America), the unsuccessful effort of Eng-land and the Empire to 
prevent the accession of a French Bourbon to the Spanish throne ; it was notable 
for the great military career of Marlborough. 1740 to 1748, War of the Austrian 
Succession ; it arose from the attempt of Charles Albert, of Bavaria (the Emperor 
in 1742), to deprive Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI., of her hereditary 
states ; and in the war Frederick the Great joined, merely to secure territory for 
Prussia. 1763, France cedes Canada to England at the end of the Seven Years' 
War. 1776, American Declaration of Independence. 1789, French Revolution 
begins. 

Of other dates, most notable are 1709, Battle of Pultawa, the decisive battle of 
the contest of Sweden and Russia. 1782, Steam-engine perfected hy James Watt. 
1769 is remarkable for births of great men, including these : Alexander von Hum- 
boldt, George Cuvier, Brunei, Thomas Lawrence, Chateaubriand, Napoleon, Welling- 
ton, Ncy, Soult, Lord Castlereagh, Tallien, John Q. Adams, Mehemet Ali. 

Century XIX. 1804, Napoleon becomes Emperor. 1815, Battle of Waterloo. 
1832, Parliamentary Reform, a change in the representation and suffrage in Eng- 
land. 1848, Third French Revolution, expelling the Orleans dynasty ; Hungarian, 
German, and Italian Revolts ; a year of political disturl)ance. 1861 to 1865, War 
of the Secession in the United States, ending in the abolition of slavery. 1871, New 
German Empire, result of the Franco-German War. 

To these may be added, if desired, 1807, Fulton's first Steamboat ; 1830, Man- 
chester Railway opened, the beginning of the railway system ; Greek Independence; 
French Three-Days' Revolution, expelling the Bourbon line of kings ; 1832, Deaths 
of Cuvier, Bentham, Scott, Champollion, Goethe, Legendre, Clementi, Pugin, Adam 
Clarke, Say, and others. 

Resuming these in one statement, the following may be deemed of primary im- 
portance, so chosen as to include at least one in each century, but on the average 
less than three to a century : r c, 776, 753, (625, 594), 510, (501), 490, 450, (431 to 
404), 400, (387, 362), 333, (301, 264), 201, 146, 133, 48, 44, (31) ; a. d., 9, (70, 180, 
250), 313, 395, (451), 476, (555), 622, 718, 732, (753), 800, (888, 900, 955), 1066, 
(1077), 1096, (1190), 1215, (1250, 1270, 1327 to 1377), 1337, 1436, 1453, 1492, 1517, 
1588, 1590, (1607), 1618 (to 1648), 1649, 1688, (1701 to 1713), 1740 (to 1748, 1763), 
1776, 1789, (1804), 1815, (1832), 1848, 1861, 1871. 

If the dates in parentheses are omitted, the remaining are the forty dates of 
most importance from 800 B. c. to the present time ; the birth of Christ being 
omitted as sufficiently shown by the Christian era. 

The following dates from the preceding pages are secondary in importance, 
those in parentheses being least valuable : b. c, (660, 570), 558, 525, 480, 401, 363, 
300, 280, (265), 101, (100, 4) ; a. n., (325, 385, 410, 449), 486, 533, (687, 840), 912, 
987, (1314), 1429, 1455 to 1485, (1477, 1525), 1534, 1540, (1555), 1556, (1566), 1598, 
(1620, 1632), 1642, 1685, (1709, 1769), 1782, (1807), 1830, (1865). 
See these in table at the end of the charts. 

16 



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TABLE OF PKINCIPAL DATES, IN FOUR GRADES. 

FOR FULL EXrLAXATIOX, sec INTRODUCTIOX, p. IL 



(The sign +, after a date, shows that it may bo taken in connection with a later one, as 161S refers to 104S ; the sign - 
before a date, ineaus that it must be taken with a previous one.) 





I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


















7T6, 753. 








to 




625. 




COO. 


510. 

490, 450, 400. 


594 + , 501. 
431 to 404. 


553, 52.5. 
430,401. 


-570. 


833. 


8S7, 862, 801. 


SC3, 800. 






201. 


204. 


2S0. 


2C5. 


UO, 13.3. 




101. 


100. 


1 

Si 
1 


4S,«. 


31. 




4. 


9. 


70. 

ISO. 

250. 






81.3, 395. 






325, 385. 


470. 


451. 


4S0. 


410, 449. 






655. 


58.3. 






623. 






GS7. 




718, 7.32. 


753. 






63 


800. 


8S8. 




840. 


s 




900, 955. 


912, 987. 




a 


10G6, 109C. 


1077. 






^ 


1215. 


1190. 
1250, 1270. 








1337. 


1327 to 1377. 




1314. 




143fi, U.W, 1192. 




1429, 1455 to 1433. 


14T7. 




1S17, loss, 1500. 




1534, 1540, 1556, 1598. 


1525, 1555, 1560. 


Si 

1 


llilS + , 1649, ICSS. 


1(507, -1043. 


1042, 1635. 


1C20, 1032. 


1740 + ,lT7f., 17^9. 


1701 to 1713, -1748, 176:3. 


17S2. 


1709, 1769. 




1815,1848, 1801 +, 1871. 


1S04, 1832. 


1.830. 


1807, -1 365. 



53 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



^^^ The figures refer to duten; the character — {mhiiut) denotes a date before Christ: thus, —44 is 44 n. r. Other 
signs are the same as in the charts ; but j denotes a death by violence. 

Nf,TE.— Additional matter, that could not be put upon the charts, is often given in this index ; and a few titles and 
dates thus added are marked *. There an; frequent references to the genealogical tables. 



Abassides (or Abbassides), lino of thirty-seven califs, 750 to 
1258; first was Abul Abbas, or Abdallah, gr.-gr.-grand- 
son of Al Abbas, uncle of Mohammed ; see Calif, Sara- 
cens. 

Abdallah, general, 647; calif in Spain. ;i 912. 

Abderrahman, first Ommiade calif in Spain, 755 4- ; A — III., 
912. 

Abelard, A 1142. 

Abolition, see Slavery. 

Abrutum. x, 251. 

Abu Bfkr, first calif, Mohammed's wife's father, G32. 

Abu Jaafer (Almansor = Victorious), 754, 763. 

Abul Abbas, 750 ; see Abbassides. 

Achaean League, —280, —251, —243, —220, —214, — ISS, 
—167, —151, —146. Its great men, Marcus.* A 229 ; 
Aratus; Lydiadas,* A 226 ; Philopwmen. 

Acre, crusaders take, 1104, 1191 ; lose, 11S7, 1291. 

Act, Navigation, 1651; of Uniformity, 16G2; Test, 10T3; 
Habeas Corpus, 1679; Stamp, 171)5. 

Actium, D, —31 ; Octavian defeats Antony ; see p. 12. 

Adams, John, second Pres. U. S., 1797; A July 4, 1826; 
John Quincy Adams, sixth president, 1S25; A 1S48. 

Addison, Joseph, author, A 1719. 

Adelnng, John C, philologist, A 1S06; not 1807, as in 
text. 

Adolf of Nassau, Emp., 1292. 

Adolphus, Gustavus, 1611-1632, + 1032. 

Adrian — Hadrian, 117. 

Adrianople, x , 378. 

Agates, a,— 241. 

^Egospotamos, d , —405 ; Lysander's victory. 

^milian. 2ri3; .Emillanus Scipio. see Scipio. 

.^neas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II., A 1464 ; see Popes. 

jEsehylus, — 456. 

Au-tius, 425. 451, 454; called "last of the Romans." 

>Etolian League 0>egan —343*) ; — 2S0, —220, —214, —190, 
dissolved by Rome. 

Africa, originally meant the Tunisian region only. See names 
of cities, countries, and nations : Carthage, Egypt, Ro- 



mans, Vandals, E. Empire, Saracens, Algiers, etc. Necho's 

fleet goes around Africa, ® — 600. 
Africanus, see Scipio. 
Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse, — 317. 
*Agesilaus IL, King of Sparta, —309 to —301. 
Agincourt, x,1415; England > France. 
Agis IV., King of Sparta, —244 to —241. 
Aglabites, 800. 
Agrarian Laws, Rome, to distribute public lands to citizens 

by general enactment (there were often ftpecidl grants) ; 

Spurius Cassius's, — 4S4 ; Licinius Stolo's. —364 ; Tibe- 
rius Gracchus's, — 133. 
Agricola, Cn. Julius, 78, A 93. 

♦Agripp.a, M. Vipsanius ; and Agrippina, Gen. Tab., Cen- 
tury I. 
Aix, X , -102. 
Aix-la-Chapelle (or Aachen), Charlemagne's capital; Peace 

of, 1748; other "peaces of A—,'" 1668,* 1818.* 
Akbar, Jellaladin, Mohammed, Mogul Emp., 1556 to 1605. 
Akiba, A 133. 

Alabama claims. $15,500,000 paid to U. S., 1S72. 
Alalia, a,® -550; 539 (?).* 
Al Amin, 809, 
Alans, 405, 406, 409. 
Alaric, Visigoth, in E. Emp., 895-396 ; in Italy, 402-403, 

408-410. 
Alaric II.,* 485 to 507. 
Albert L, Emp., 1293; A— II.. Emp., 1438; both of Austria. 

Albert of Brandenburg,* first Duke of Prussia, 1525, 

A 1568.* ^SeG Gen. Tables. 
Albigenses, 1208; destroyed as heretics. 
Alboin, Lombard king, 543 to 578 ; 568. 
Alcibiades, —420 to —404 ; sundry events. 
Alcuin of York, b. 735 (?),* A 804. (Saxon form of name, 

Ealhwine.) 
Alemanni or Allemanni (in Swabia, etc.), 214, 234, 256, 268- 

271, 309, 320, 354-359, 496 ; name disappears about 1000.* 
Alembert, d\ mathematician, etc., A 1783. 
Aleria = Alalia, above, — 550. 
Alexander, the Great (III.), —336 to —323; Gen. Table III. 

A— Severus, Emp., 222 ; A— I., Russian, 1801 ; A— IL, 



53 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Eus9., 1855; Gen. Tab, XXXIII. Aloxander YI., Bor- 
gia, worst of all popes, A 1503. 

Alexandria, founded —33*2; token, 640; see Hypatia. 

Alexandrian Library, 3i)0, 640 (story of its destruction in 640 
very doubtful ; see Library). 

Alexius L, Comntous, E. Euip. and founder of line, 1081 to 
1118. 

Alfonso L, Leon, 739; A— L, Ara^on, HIS; A— X., Castile, 
Enip. elected, 125T, A 1284. Gen. Tab. XI. 

Alfred, the Great, 871 to 001 ; 878. Gen. Tab. XX. 

Algiers, founded by the pirates Iloruc and Hayraddin (P.ar- 
barossa), 1518; 1S17; 1S30. 

Al Ilakim I., Oraniiade calif, Spain, 705 to 820; A— II., 061. 

Ali, calif, married Fatima, dau. of Mohammed; hence the 
Eatiuiites, t (iGl. 

Allia, X , —388. 

Alliance, Holy, 1815; Northern, rs. Charles XII, HV.tO; 
*Quadrn[ile, England, France, Holland, Empire, 1718; 
see Coalition, Luayue, Peace, etc. 

Al Mamun, 813. 

Almansor, calif, see Abu Jaafer ; A—, regent, 076,* A 1002. 

*Almohades, dynasty in Morocco, 1121 to 1270; in Si)ain, 
overthrowing Alnioravides, 1145 to 1232; kingdom of 
Granada was an offshoot, 1237. 

Almoravides, dynasty in Morocco @ 1050;* in Spain, lOLM ; 
see Ahnohades. 

Al Motassein, 833. 

Alp Arslan, Sdjukian, 1063. 

^Alphabet, Egyptian invention, of gradual growth, very an- 
cient ; carried about by Phieniciaus. 

Alyattes, — 625 ; expelled Scythians. 

Amalfi, Italian city, lUO. 

Aniasis, — 51(9 to — 525. 

Ambrose (St.). Bishop of Milan, 374*, A 397. 

Amendments, U. S. Const., I3th and 15th, 1865, 1870. 

America, disco v., 1403; Portuguese colonies till 1550; Span- 
ish America revolts 1810. See United States and Cen- 
turies XVL to XIX. 

Amiens, Peace of, 1802. 

*Amphictyonic Council, noted only in Sacred Wars q. v. 

Amphipolis, —422, 

Amni. 030; A 603 (?i.* 

Amurath (= Murad) I., 1350. 

Anabasis (= expedition) of Cyru."*, —401. 

Anafftto. Luc, first Doge of Venice, G97. 

Anastasius, E. Emp., 491. 

*Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher, A © — 428. 

Andernncb, x , S7G. 

Andrew II.. King of Hungary, 1205-^35; 1217. 

Andros. Sir Edmund, 16^0. 

Angflo (Buonarottit, A 1564. 

Angora (— Ancyra), x, 1402. 

Anjou, Margaret, 1445, 1471, 1475. (County in France held 
by English Plantagenets and by French bouses, Gen. 
Tab. XVII.^ 

Anne, Queen of England, 1702; "Queen Anne's War," 
1702. 

Antalcidas, Spartan envoy, peace of, —387. 

Anthemius, 467. 

Antietam, x , 1862. 

Antigonus, Cyclops, A — 301 ; A— Gonatas, — 277, King of 
Macedon ; A— Boson, —229. Gen. Tab. III. 

Antioch, capital of Seleucus L and followers, from 300 it. c. ; 
115; 1097-'08, 1208. 

Autiocbu.'? Ill , King of Syria, —223 to -187; —195; —192 

to —100. 
Antislavcry movement, U. S., 1830 + . 
Antoninus Pius, 13s to 101 ; wall of, 140. 



Antony (Marcus Antonius), triumvir, —43, —36, —30; Gen. 

Tab., Century L 
Antony. St., first monk, A 3.">7. 
Apollonia (Illyrian), f. by Corinth, —600. 
Appian Way, Kome to Capua, —310. 
Apries = Hopbra = Uaphra, — 5S8. 
Apulia, Norman, 1040. 
A<(uileia, 452 ; rebuilt, 552.* 

Aquinas (^St. Thomas, "Angelic Doctor"), A 1274. 
Aquitaine. Franks get, 507 ; au English kingdom, 1360 + . 
Arabia, Arabs: Table, Cent. VIII. b. o. See Mohammed, 

Saracens, Karamites, Califs, and Cent. VII. 
Aragon (independent about 737;* kingdom, 1035*), gets 

Saragossa, 1118; gains Sicily, 1282; joined to Castile, 

1479; Ferdinand, king, 1474. Gen. Tab. XI. 
Aramaeans = Syrians and Mesopotamians ; Table. Century 

VIII. B.C. 

Aratus, —213; see Achaean. 

Arausio (= Orange), x, —105. 

Arbela, x,— 331. 

Are, see Joan. 

Arcadius, 305. 

Archimedes, — 212. 

Archons {chief magistrates at Athens), —684. 

Ardshir I. (often made into Artaxerxes), 226. 

Ardys, — 666. 

Argos, -800, —780, —418, —272. In Acha-an League, 
—236.* 

Arians, Cent. IV.; followers of doctrine of Arius. 

Ariosto, A 1533. 

Aristidcs, -482, —468 ; " the Just." 

Aristophanes (comic dramatist, from —427 * on), A — 380. 

Aristotle (''the Stagirite"). A —522. 

Arius, A 830. (Dispute with Athanasius whether Christ is 
homoi-ousios, as Arius said, or homo-ousios — of like sub- 
stance or of same substance with God. The Church was 
rent by the dispute.) 

Aries (in S. E. France, Provence), 508, 536; kingdom, 879; 
033. 

Armada (Spanish navy), 15S8. "-'The Invincible." 

Armagnacs (political party, France, rs. Burgundians and 
English). 1410 + . 

Armed Neutrality (coalition vs. England), 1780 till 1801. 

Armenia (indep., — 188;* province of Rome, 114*), 603. 

Arminius, 9; A 21 (?*). 

Arnold, of Brescia, A 1155; Dr. Thos. A—, A 1842; treason 
of Benedict A — , 1780; Emp. Arnold is Arnulf. 

Arnulf, Emp., 887; Gen. Tables VL, VII. 

Arras, Peace of, 1435. 

Arsaces I., — 255; Arsacida? were his followers. 

Arses, — 33S. 

Art,ixerxes I., -465; A— II., —105; A— III., —359; see 
Ardshir. 

Articles of Confederation, U. S., 1777. 

Ary.an, Table of Races, Cent. VIII. b.o. 

Ascalon, x,1101. 

Asculum. X. — 279. 

Asia: at first a small distrie* near Ephesus ; then the land 
between the Mediterranean and Euxine, or Asia Minor; 
finally, as now used. Asia Minor, see names of coun- 
tries, nations, and cities, as Lydia, Cilicia, Ephesus. Sar- 
dis, etc. Also. Crusades, E. Empire, Turks, etc. Espe- 
cially —800, —644, —100, 258, 603, 1401. Asiatic War, 
— 103. 

♦Assassins, see Karmathians. 

Assyria (capital, Nineveh), Table in Cent. VIII. B.C.; see 
that and next century. Line of kings, —745+ ; events, 
—698, -68.^ — 07i», —660, —644, —625. 



54 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Aeturias, kingdom founded by Polnyo, 713, in N. W. Spain ; 
became Oviedo, and Leon. 

A sty ages, — 593. 

Athalaric, 52C. 

Athanasius, A 873. Atbanasians, bis disciples. See Arius. 

Athelstan, King of England, 924. Gen. Tab. XX. 

Athens, leading city of Greece, of Ionic family or race. See 
Centuries — V. and —IV., generally ; also, —800, — 6S4, 
—612, —594, — 5GI) + , —509, —394, —35b, —357, —SOT, 
—86, and 258. 

Atlanta campaign, 1S64. 

Atlantic cable, 1866. 

Attila, Hun, 441, 450, 451, 45-3. 

A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditw). —753; assumed date of 
founding of Rome by Romulus (q. v.). 

Auction of Empire, 193. 

Augsburg, x,955; Confession, 1530 ; Diet, 1555; League of 
A—, 1686, 16S9 ; War of League, 1GS8. 

Augurs, plebeian, — 300. 

Augustine, St., A 430; St. Augustin(e) = Austin, 597; A 
605 (?).* 

Augustus: at first, Octavius; then, C. Julius Ciesar Octavia- 
nus; %e& Gen. Tab., Cent. I.; —43, —31 (Actium), 
—SO, —27 ; A 14 A. V. 

Aurelian, 270, 273. 

Aurelius, Marcus, 161 + . 

Austerlitz, x, 1S05. 

Austin, aee Augustine. 

Austria: a march or raargraviate, duchy, aixhduchy, empire, 
successively. Held by the Babenbergs till 1246; gained 
by the Hapsburgs, 1278.* This house held the empire 
1273, 1298, and from 14;i3 on; hence Austria and Ger- 
many are often identical in history. Specially Austrian 
events: x,1315, x , 1386 ; 1526, gain of Hungary; 1713; 
wars, 1701, 1716, 1740. 1756. 1792, 1859, 1866; partitions 
of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795; marriage, 1810; Holy Alli- 
ance, 1815. Became " empire," 1804; often called Austro- 
Hungarian Empire. 

Avars (sometimes called "Huns"), 557, 568, 609; conquered, 
791 +. 

Averrhoes. A 1225 (?), 1198 (?). 

Avicenna (Ibn Sina), A 1037. 

Avidius Cassius, 175. 

Avignon, papal residence, 13U9 ; owned by papacy, 1348* till 
1791.* 

A Vitus, 455. 



Babylon, capital; Babylonia, country; greatest Asiatic city, 
of unknown antiquity. Table of Kaccs, and note, Cent. 
VIILd.c; and —747, —70S, —625, -5S5. Kings, and 
division of Assyria : — 6:)5, —535, —569, — &4S, —538, 
—516, —174. Alexander made Babylon his capital, an<l 
died there. Kings after —561 unimportant. City de- 
cays rapidly after 310 b. c. 

♦Bacon, Francis, philosopher, author, A 1G2G, age 65. 

Bactria, independent, —255 ("?).* See Mithridates L, —174. 

Bagdad, 763, 1055, 1258. 

Bajazet L, Ilderim (= lightningl, 13S9, 1402. 

Balbinus, 233. 

Balearic Islands, —123. Kingdom of Majorca,* 1262 to 
1344. 

Balloon, 1783. 

Banks, note. Cent. XIV. 

Bannockburn, 1314. 

Barbarians: especially so called, the northern nations which 
invaded the Empire; see nations by name, especially 
Centuries III. and V. 



Barbarossa, title of Emp. Frederick I., and of two corsairs; 

see Algiers. 
Barea (= lightning), surname of Ilaunibal's family, —248. 
Bar Cochab. 131 ("son of the star;'' see Numbers xxiv. 17). 
Barnet, x,1471. 

Bartholomew = St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572. 
Basil I., founds Macedonian dynasty, E. Emp., 807; B— H., 

969. 
Basilius, &41. 
Batavian Revolt, 69. 
Battles, see Decisive Battles. 
Bavaria: conquered by Charlemagne, 786; King Carloman, 

876; becomes dukedom in Empire; two emperors, 1314, 

1742, are Bavarian dukes; Henry the Lion, 1178, Duke 

of Bavaria; in war, 1740; kingdom, 1806. 
Bayle, A 1706, author, critic. 
I Be'auclerc = Henry I., England, 1100. Gen. Tab. XXI. 
Becket, Thomas, 1102, 1 1170. 
Bede, A 735. 

Bedford, John, Duke of, brother of Henry V., 1422. 
Beethoven, A 1827, music-composer. 

Belgium (old Flanders, Brabant, llainault, etc.), 1S14, 1S30. 
Belgrade, x, 1717. 
Belisarius, 524, 536, 547, A 505. 
Beneventum, x , —270. 
Bengalese, 1757. 
Benjamin of Tudela, 1173. 
Bentham, Jeremy, political philosopher, A 1832. 
Berenger I., 888; crowned emperor, 915;* A 924. Gen. 

Tab. V. 
Bernard, St., 1146. A 1153. 
Bias, Table, Cent. —VI. 

Bible, English, translated, 1611; New Testament, 13s0. 
Biruiah, or Burmah, 1824, 1851. 
Births of great men. Year of, 1769. 
Black Prince, Edward, sou of Edward III., 1356; A 1376. 

King of Aquitaine, 1360.- 
Blenheim, x, 1704. 
1 Bliicher, Prussian general at Waterloo, A 1SI9. 
I Boadicea, Queen of Britons, 61. 

Boccaccio, A 1375. 
j Bceotia, — 156, —447; see Thebes (its chief city). 
! Bocthius, A 524. 
Bohemia. Bohemians: Table, Cent. VIII. B.C.; 5,"i0; cfin- 

quered by Charlemagne, 800(?);* kingdom, 1198;* John 

of Lu.\emburg is king. 1310;* Charles IV., 1347, Wcnzel 

and Sigismund, emperors, of this line of kings. Hussite 

wars, 1419. 
Bolivar, Simon, " Liberator," leader in freeing Soutli America, 

A 1830. 
Bologna, school of Werner, 1140; free city. 
Bona, 468. 

Bonaparte, see Napoleon. Family kings, 1S06 + . 
Boniface III., 607; B— VIIL, 1294, 1296; his bull, 1303; see 

Popes, 
Borgia, Alexander VL, Pope, 1492 till 1503. 
Bosnians. Table, Cent. — VIII. 
Boson, King of Aries. 879. Gen. Tab. V. 
Bossuet. A 1704, theologian and preacher. 
Boston "Tea Party," 1773; "Port-Bill," 177J. 
Bosworth. x,1485. 
Bourbon, Charles, Constable of France, 1527; B— family 

come to French throne, Henry IV., 15S9; Gen. Tables 

XV., XVI. ; in Spain. XII. 
Bouvines, x , 1214. See p. 14, at foot. 
Boyne, x. 1690. 
Braddock's defeat, 1755. 
Brasidas, Spartan general, —424, — 422, 



55 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Brazil, independent of Portugal, an empire, 1S2C. 

Brescia, Arnold of, A 1155. 

*l!rc'tiis:ne = Brittany. 

Bretigny, Peace of, 1300. 

Bridge, Trajan's, 105, 119. 

Brigantines, 14U. 

Britain, Britons: Table, Cent. —VIII.; —55, 43-51, 61, 

78-S4; walls in B— , 121, 140,210; 208,287; Eome 

gives up, 410 ; Saxons, 441) ; seven kingdoms. Centuries 

VI. and Vn. Britons migrate, 450. Called England 

fiomctimes, after 100 (?).* "Great Britain," 1707, the 

United Kingdom. 
Britannicus, Gen. Tab., Cent. I., t 55. 
*Brittany, great dulcedom in west of France: Gen. Tab. 

XVIII. ; migration to, 450 + . 
♦Brougham, Henry (Lord), politician and writer, A IsGS; 

age 89. 
Bruce, 1-314, VH6; Gen. Tab. XXIX. 
Brundusium, — 40 ; arrangement between Antony and Oeta- 

vianus to avoid war. 
Brunswick, House of, English kings from, 1714. 
Brutus, assassin, — 12. 
Bubble. South Sea, 1720: a disastrous, baseless speculation, 

England. 
Buccaneers, 10110 + . 
Bulgarians, aiii)ear about 500* in Europe; 559, GSO; kingdom 

subjected, 1018; emls, Vm (?).* 
Bull, Golden, 1350; Bulls of pojies, 1303,1703. 
Bulwer Lytton, A 1872, novelist. 
Bunyan, A 1088 ; wrote '' Pilgrim's Progress," 1078.* 
Buonarotti, surname of Michael Angelo, A 1564. 
Burgoyne's campaign, 1777. 
Burgundians, French civil war, 1410. 
Burgunds, or Burgundians, German tribe, 277, 405, 40C, 413, 

500, 534. Occupied Valley of the Rhone, etc. 
Burgundy (ten different Burgundies in history ; five named 

in these charts). 1. Land of the Burgunds ; see above. 

2. Cisjurane B— , = kingdom of Provence, etc., 879, 933. 

3. Transjuraue B— , part of Switzerland, etc., H8S, 933, 
1032 ; Gen. Tab. VI. 4. Called Upper B— and Franche 
Comte, lay between Saone and the Jura. &. Dukedom, 
or Lower B — , west of the Saone; Charles, A 1477, last 
duke; see Gen. Tables XIII. and XIV. The terms 
LTpper and Lower B — are also used otherwise. 

Burr's scheme, 1806. 
Byron, A 1824, poet. 

Byzantium, — (j57 ; became Constantinople, or New Borne, 
330. 



Cable, Atlantic, ISCIi. 

Cade, Jack, 14.50. 

Cadesia, x , 036. 

Cadmeia, —382, citadel and temple of Thebes. 

C*sar, C.Julius, dictator: horn, —100; jiontiff, —74;* qua'S- 
tor. — 68; i»oiit. ma.\., —03;* pra-tor, — 02;* triumvir, 
—60; conquers O.aul, —.58 to —49; civil war, —49+; 
— 48, — 47, — 46, —45 : assassinated, —44. 

Ca'Sars: "the 12 C— ," Julius, Augustus, and others, to in- 
clude Domitian ; Gen. Tab., Cent. I., shows six. Ca'Sar 
became = emperor; next, heir-apparent to empire, or 
inferior emperor. 

Cairo, ^JW ; Cairoan (near Carthage), founded, 670 ; capital, 
800. 

Cains, Emp., 37, same as Caligula. 

Calais, 1347, 1453, 15.53. 

Caled (Kaleed, and variously spelled), 032, A 642.* 



j Calendar revised, —40; New Style, 1582; in England, 175J; 

see New Style. 
! Calhoun, John Caldwell, A 1850, statesman, U. S. 

Calif (= successor). Civil and religious ruler of Mohamme- 
dans. Fu-st line, 082 to 001, relatives of Mahomet- 
fathers-in-law, sons-in-law, and grandson Hassan. 2d. 
Ommiades (14), 661 to 750; branch in Spain, 755 to 10.31. 
Sd. Abassides, see that title. 4th. Fatimites; see that: 
also, Mohammed, Saracens, 677. 74:^, 763 ; Califate 
breaks up, 800 to 820 ; declines, 842 ; ends, 1031 and 
1'258; in Egypt, 1171.* 

Caliguh, 37; Gen. Tab. Cent. I. 

Callias, peace of, —372; the peace of Cinion, —449, is also 
called "of Callias." 

Calmar, Union, 1897, 1524. 

Calvin, 1541, A 1564. 

Camhray, 1,508, 1529. 

Cambridge, University, 915. 

Cambyses, — 529, Persian conqueror of Egypt. 

Camillus, —892 ; A 863 ;* called " second I'ounder of Rome." 

Canada, 1763, 1837-1888, 1807. 

Canal, Necbo's, see Necho ; note. Cent. — VII. 

Candia = Crete; Turkish name; 16C9. 

Cannie, x , —216. 

Canossa, 1077. 

*Canuleian Law at Rome, that of — 442 on marriage, etc. 

Canute (= Knudt), 1016; Gen. Tab. XX. 

Cape of Good Hope, 1498. 

Capet, Hugh, 987 ; Capetians, his descendants; Gen. Tables 
VL, VII., for Hugh; XUI. to XVIII. for Capetians. 

Capre.T, 27. 

Capua, —310; noted in second Punic War. 

Caracallns lor Caracalla), 211. 

Carausius, 287. 

Carious, 282. 

Carismians (Karismians), 1243; ,c^f Karism. 

Carloman, mayor. 741 ; Frankish king. 70S ; King of Bavaria, 
880 ; King of France, 879 ; Gen. Tables V. and VI. 

*Carlovingiaus = Karlings. 

Carmathians (followers of Carmath), see Karmalhians. 

Carolina, 1584, 1070, 1702. 

Carrhif, x, —53. 

Carthage (see Punic). Founded from Tyre about — 875 ;* 
Table, Cent. —VIII. ; —680, -550, -508, —480, — 4C9, 
—344, Tiuioleon's wars ; — 278 ; Punic Wars, — 264, 
—218, —149 ; -238, —146 ; 439, 098. 

Carthagena,4G0; founded by llasdrubal,* —243 (?), —229 (?). 

Cams, 252 ; gained province, lost by Julian's war of 363. 

Casimir I., Poland, 1833. 

Cassander, —816, —311, —296; his sons, —290; Gen. 
T.ab. III. 

Cassiodorus, A 575, senator and minister, historian. 

Cassius, Spurius, —491, —484. 'C- , assassin of Cajsar, 
t— 42. 

Castile (Gen. Tab XL). First count,* 791 ; 1072, 1084, 1157, 
12:30, 1474, 1479. 

Castriot, A 1407, Prince of Albania ; famous fur fighting 
Turks. 

Cateau-Camhresis, 1659. 

Catherine, of France, 1420, Gen. Tables XIV.. XXII.; mar- 
ried, second time, Owen Tudor, g.-f of Henry VII. G— 
II., Russia, 1702; Gen. Tab. XXXIII. 

Catholic, see Pope, Church, and other related subjects. 

"Catholic Emancipation," England, 1829. 

Catiline, -05. 

Calo (M. Porcius) : the Censor, —149 ; the Younger, — 40. 

Catullus, — 15. 

Caucasus, Russia conquers, 1S59. 



56 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE UISTORIOAL CIIAUTS. 



Caiidinc Forks, — 319. 

Caxton, A 14112. 

Celibacy of clcrjry, 649 ; not fuUy enforced in Roman Catholic 
Church till the Keformation. 

Celtiberian War, —14;^ to —13:^. 

Celtic, Celts, Table, Ct-nt. — VIIL ; —279. See Gallic; for 
the Gauls were Celtic. 

Censors, — 442, — 346; Cato, — 149. Censors made up the 
roll of citizens by centuries, or tribes, and tax-list. 

Centuries, — 470. Divisions, or classes, for voting at Rome. 

Cervantes, A X616 ; author of "■ Don Quixote." 

Chaldjcans, Table, Cent. —VIII. 

Chalons, x , 451. 

Chamitic, Table, Cent. — VIII. 

Champlain, Lake, discovercil, 1609, by Samuel Chatnplain. 

Champollion, A 1S32, discovered how to read Egyptian hiero- 
glyphics. 

Charleoiacne, Frank, not French; 763 to 814; many dates 
between those. He is Charles I. of Franco and Karl 1. 
of Germany. Gen. Tab. V. 

Charles, Anjou, 1265; Bald, &40 to 876; Burgundy, 1467, 
A 1477; Fat, 876, SS4, 8S7, A 88S; Martel, 715, 732; 
Provence, S55; Simple, 898, 922, A 929. Of Guht-mia, 
1347. Of England, C— I., 1625, Civil War, and lfU9; 
C— II., 1600. Of France, G- II., Bald, S40; C— III., 
Simple, above; C— IV., 1322; C— V., 1364; C- VI., 
1380; C— VII., 1422; C— VIII., 14S3, 1494; C— IX., 
1560; C— X., 1^24, A 1836. Of Empiie, or Germany, 
C— II. is Charles the Bald, Emp. 875;* C— III. = 
Charles the Fat, above; C— IV., 1347; C— V., 1519, 
and other dates to 1558; C— VI., 1711 ; C— VII.. 1742. 
Of Spain, Charles I. = C — V. of Gi'rmany. Of Sweden, 
C— XII., 1697, A 1713; alliance against, 1G9U; Narva, 
1700; Pultawa, 1709. 

Chartier, A 1458, 

Chartists, England, 184.8; desired reforms called " Peoi>lc's 
Charter." 

Chartres, 911. 

Chaucer, Geollrey, A 1400. 

Chazar (tribe of Tatars? on border of E. Emp.), title of 
Leo IV., 775. 

Chcrona3a, x , —538. 

Chicago, fire, 1871. 

Children's crusade, 1212. 

Chilo, Table, Cent. —VI. 

Chimneys, note, Cent. XIV. 

China, Chinese; Tabic, Cent. —VIIL; silk from China (?), 
555; opium war, ls42. 

Cholera, enters Europe, lb30 ; began in India. 

Chosroes (Kosru) I.,* Nushirvan, great King of Persia, *531- 
579; C— II., 590-628. 

Christ, Jesus, — 4, 29 ; see p. 12, at foot. 

Christianity: rise in Cent. I.; persecutions. Table, Cent II.; 
tolerated, 311 ; favored, 313; quarrels, note. Cent. IV. ; 
opposed by Julian, 861 ; triumphant over paganism, 385; 
forced on Saxons, 785 ; suppressed in Japan, 1637. See 
Catholic, Church, Council, Image- worship ; Papacy, 
Popes, and Great Schism ; Paganism, Persecution, Tol- 
eration ; Protestant, Reformation, Huguenots. 

Chrysostom = " Golden Mouth," real name John, A 407. 

Church, see Christianity, etc. Quarrels, in C-ent. IV.; reor- 
ganized by Gregory, 590+ ; divides into Greek and 
Roman, 867, 1054 ; separation of English from Roman, 
1534 ; Rise of Protestants, 1517, 1529. Arian contro- 
versy. Cent. IV.; image-worship, 726-»- ; Cathulicism 
restored in France as state-church, 1801. Si.e Claren- 
don. 

Cicero. Marcus TiiUius, —58, —57, — 43. 



*Cid, the; title of Rodrigo Di;iz del Bivar, a Spanish hero; 
career, 1005 lo 1099 ; A 1099. 

Cilicia, — 716, — 685. 

Cimbrians, Cimbrian "War, —113, —105, —101. (Celtic peo- 
ple.) 

Cimon, son of Miltiades, ^66, —461, —449. 

♦Cincinnattis, time of, about — 460, at Rome. 

Chxesium, — 605. (Carchemish, in Bible.) 

Circumnavigation: of Africa, about 000 (?) ; first, of world, 
151i»-1522. 

Citizenship, universal, of Rome, 216 (?). 

Civil Law (= Roman law, in contrast with Common [Eng- 
lish] law. statute law, local laws, etc.), 528, 1140. 

Civil war; Rome, —8:3, — 19, —14 U) — 42, and many later, in 
contests for the place of emperor. France, 1410, 1560- 
1594; 1615-1629, 1648-1653. England, 1W2-1651 ; of 
Roses, 1455-1485; Stephen's, 1136+ ; b.irons and Henry 
III., 1262-1268; others, 1214, 1403, 1685, 16?9 + , 1715. 
1745. United States, 1661-1865. 

Civihs, 69. 

Civitella, x,1053. 

Clarendon, Constitutions of, 1164; a declaration of the rela- 
tions of the Church to tlie English sUte. *Assize of 
Clarendon, 1106, declaration of English judicial law, 
courts, trials, etc. 

Claudius I., 41-54; 43; Gen. Tab,, Cent I. C— II., 268, 
269 (Gothicus). 

Clay, Henry, American orator and statesman, A lb52. 

Clement XIV., pope, suppresses Jesuits, 1773. 

CleobuUis, Table, Cent —VI. 

Cleomenes III., -230 to —219 ; Cleomcnic War, —227. 

Cleon, democratic leader at Athens, —429 to — 122, t — 422, 

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt — 51 to — 30. 

Clermont, Council, 1095; another, 1130.* 

Cleve succession, 1609 ; Gen. Tab. XXX. 

Clisthenes. —509. 

Clodius Albinus, rival of Septimius, 197. 

Cloth of Gold, Field of, 1520. 

Clovis, several events, 481-511. 

Cnidus, D, — 394. 

"Coalitions" V8. France, six, 1793, 1798, 1&05, 1806, 1809, 1813. 

Code, 528, 

Codomannus, Darius III., —336, 

Coff-ee, 1718. 

Coinage, first in Greece, 
—269 (?). 

Colonization : Greek, - 



-760 (?) ; first silver at Rome,* 



735, 



-730, 



-724, —657. —631, 



—600, and later. Of America, Ceuturiea XV-J. and 

XVII. 
Colosseum (— Coliseum), 60. 
Columbus, 1492, A 1506. 
Commodus, 1S0 + , 163. 
Comneni, dynasty, 1081 to 1135. 
Compass, Mariners', note. Cent, XIV. 
Compromise, Missouri, 1820, 1854; on investitures, 1122. 
Coude, Louis II., great general. A lO.-^O; *Louis I., noted 

Huguenot, + 1569. Gen. Tab. XVIII. 
Confederacy of Delos, — 477 ; union of Greeks to fight 

Persia. 
Confederation : United States, 1777 ; Conli-derate States, 1801, 

seceding States, U. S. 
Confession, Augsburg. 1530. 
Congress: first American, 1754; C-ontiuental, 1774; fh-st 

under U. S. Constitution, 1789. 
Connecticut, 1633. 
Conon, Athenian general, — 413 to —393 ; — 394 ; A 

390 (?).+ 
Conrad I., 911 ; C— II., Salic, 1024; C^ III., Iloheustaufen, 



57 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



113S, 1146; C— IV., 1250; *Conradm, t l'.!OS. Gen. 
Tab. VIII. 
Constance, Peace of, lls3 ; *C'oundl (,lTth), 1411. 
Constans, 837. 

Constnntine I., the Great, 806 to .5.37, many events. Gen. Tab. 

IV.; C— II., 887 to 340; C— V., Coprnnymus, 741; 

C— VI., Porphyrogenitus, '.111; C— IX., a76. Last 

E. Einp. was *C— XIII., 1 1458. 

Constantinople (= old Byzantium, named New Home), 324, 

03(1, 550, i;6S, 710, 004, 1204, 1453. 
Constantius I., Clilorus, 292-306; C— II., 837. 
Constitution, ,sve (.'larendon : tJ. S., 1787. 
Consuls, Uoman chief magistrates from — 508 (?) to —30 ; 
lirst plebeian, —863; both may be plebeian, —330; 
Marins, consul seven times, —107+ ; Clovis, 510; last. 
Ml ; in France, Napoleon, 1802. 
Consular Tribunes, military tribmies, with consular power, 

—442 till -363. 
Contests of popes and luonarclis, notable, 11173, 1227-1250, 
1296; with Philij] .Vuguslus,* 1200; with John,* 1208- 
1213. 
Copenhagen, 1801, 1>07. 
Co[iernieus, Nicholas, A 1548. 
Copronymus, 741. 
Corbulo, 63. 

Corcyra (= Corfu), — T30, —485. 
♦Cordova, seat of Oinmiades in Spain from 757. 
Corinth, Doric city, —800, —027, —435, —394. —24.3, —1 16, 
destroyed. Corinthian War: Corinth, Argos, Thebes, 
Athens, aud Persia, vn. Sparta. 
Corneille, Peter, French dramatist, A 1684. 
Corn-law.s, Kome, —123; linglish, 1.^46. 
Cornwall, Uichard, Earl of; emperor, 1257; Gen. Tab. X.\I. 
Coroneia 0>r — nea), x , — 447, — 394. 
Corsairs (= jjirates) ; see Algiers. 
Corsica, — 23-i, 1050. Genoese hold or claim it, 12s4- 

1768. 
Cortez (in Spani.sh, Cortes). 1519, A 1547.* 
Council: Nice, .325: Kiercy. s"7 ; Placentia, 1095; Clermont, 
10'.5; Trent. 1545; Vatican, 1870. There have been 
twenty-one Councils, called General, Nice being first; 
Trent, 20th ; Vatican, 21st. 
Covenant, Scotch. 1638. 
Crassus, — 60, — 53. 
Crocy, X , 1346. 
Cre.Kpy, Peace of, 1,544. 

Crete (= Candia), 828, taken by Spanish Saracens ; recov- 
ered, 962 ; Me Candia. 
Crimean War, 18,53-1856 ; France, Fugland, Turks, aud Sar- 
dinia, 7?.s. llussia. 
Crispus. 320, 326. 
Crissa'an Sacred War, — .591. 
Croats, Table, Cent. —VIII. 
Cra'sus, —56s, noted for wealth. 
Cromwell, 165:1-1658, A Battles, several, especially 1644, 

1645, 1650 1651. 
Cross, " Holy." Jcsus's cross was said to have been found 
by Helena, Constantine's mother, 328 ;* tak'-n by Per- 
sia. 614 ; recovered, (528.* 
Crucifixion of Jesus, 29 (or 33?). 

Crusades, specially, attem|its of Western Christians to take 
Palestine from Mohanmiedans ; afterward, any religious 
war of so-called " Catholics" against pagans, Moslems, 
or so-called "heretics.'' 1st, 1096+ ; 2d, 1146; .3d, 
1189 + ; 4t,ll. 1202 + ; .5th, 1217-'29; 6th, 1'24>^'54; 7th 
(last), l'270-'72. Crusaders lose Antioch, 1268 ; Acre, 
1291. Children's crusade, 1212, Albigensian, I'2(l8-''i9. 
Ctesiphon, 198. 



Ciilloden, x, 1746. 

Cuvier, George, great naturalist, born 1760, A 1S32. 

Cyaxares, — 6;33. 

Cylon, — 612. 

Cynosccphalie, x. — 197. 

Cyprus, see Sargon ; 048, 1191; gauied by Venice, 1489;* 

by Turks, 1578. 
Cyrene, —631. 
Cyrus, the Great, founder of Persia, — 558, —054, —538, A 

629 ; C— the Younger, —401. 
Cyzicus. — 410. 



D 



Dacia, Dacian.s, 81, 86-90, 101-100, 200, 270, 274, 889. 

Uagobert I., 622 

Dagucrre, photographic inventor, A 1851. 

Damascus, 632; Onmiiade capital, 661. 

Dandolo, Henry, the blind doge, A 1205. 

Danes, Table, Cent. —VIII. The English called all northern 

piratical adventurers Danes. Great piracies, Cent. IX.; 

in Kngland, '187, 8:3-2, 863-871, .878, 994, 1002 ; " Danish 

intrusion" = Danish kings ruling England, 1016-1642, 

In France, S45, S.';6, 861 ; see Northmen. 
Danish duchies; War, 1848, 1863. 
Dante (i. e., Dm-ante Allighieri), A 1321. 
Danube, provinces on (Mccsia, Pannouia, Noricum, RluTtia, 

Viiidelicia), -16 to —0. Movements on, 104-105, 119, 

260, 322, 37,5-376. 
'*'Darc, true surname of Jfian. commonly called d'Arc. 
Darius I., organizer of Persia, — 521, — 508, A — 480. D — 

I!., —4-24. D— III.,— .336. 
■^Dark Ages, indefinite term, to mean either the Mid<lle 

Ages (ip v.), or the darkest part of them, identical with 

the time of vigor of the Feudal System (ij. v.), s,ay 850 to 

13.50. Darkest century, 900-1000. 
Dauphin (is, from 1349, the title of the son of the reigning 

king in France, who is also the heir) ; Danphiu Louis 

(Louis .\I , later) rebels, 1440. 
Da Vinci. Leonardo, A 151'.t. 
Davy, Iluinpluy, chemist, A 1829. 
De ; for names so beginning, or with 1)', look for the 

name without the preti.v, if they are not here. 
Decemvirftte, — 151. 
♦Decisive Battles. In the highest sense, those greatly in- 

Jluencing the history of the world. Most of them may be 

fouiul in the Introduction, list of Most Important Dates. 
Decius, '249, t 251 ; Table, Cent. II. 
Declaration of Independence : United States, 1776; Holland, 

1581. 
Defoe, Daniel, novelist and political writer, A 1731. 
Delhi, 1739 ; see Timur-leng, 1368. 
Delium, x , — 424. 

Delos, sacred island, see Confederacy. 
Demetrius, Polioreetes, -307, —294; A —283. D- II., 

—289. Gen. Tab. III. 
Demosthenes, t — 322. 
Denmark ; see Danes, Danish, Northern Powers, Caliuar, 

Scandinavians. 1387, 1.397; 16'25, 1626; 1801, 1807. 
De Quincey, Thomas, miscellaneous author, A 1859. 
Destruction of Veii, —892; Carthage aud Corinth, —146; 

Jerusalem, 70 ; Thebes, —335 ; Tyre, —332 ; Pompeii, 

70. 
De Soto, 1.539, A 1.54'2. 
Dettingen, x. 1743. 
De Witt, Dutch statesman, A 1672. 

*Diadoclu = Alexander's generals, w.ars of, —321 to —301. 
Dickens, Charles, novelist, A 1870. 



58 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Dictator, a temporary supreme officer at Rome, with king- 
like power. First one, about — ii)8;* first plebeian, 
—353; Fabius, —211; none after — '2U6,* except Sulla, 
— N*2,* and Julius Caesar, — 19* and —47. 

Didius Julianus, 193. 

Diet, name of German national assembly : of Worms, 1521 ; 
of Spires, 1529; of Augsburg, 1555. 

Dijon, X , 500. 

Diocletian, Table, Cent. II.; 2^, 292, 805; A 313. 

Distress among English working-classes, IBOO to 1830. 

DOffingen, x , 13sS, 

Doge (= duke) of Venice, first, 037 ; Dandolo, 1192-1205. 

Dominion of Canada, 1&67. 

Domitian, 79. 

Doria, Andrew, Genoese, A 1560. 

Doryteum. x, 109T; the greatest cavalry battle that ever 
was 

Doson, Antigonus, —229. Gen. Tab. III. 

Draco, severe legislator at Athens, — G24. 

Drake, Francis, navigator, 157S, A 1596.* 

Drusus, —12 to 5 x. v. Gen. Tab., Cent. I. 

Drydeu, John, poet, A 1700. 

Dunbar, x , 1650. 

Dunstan, St., 9S8. 

Dutch, see Holland ; 1595, 1602, 1G09. 

Dyrachium (moJern Durazzo), x , — 4S. 

E 

Earthquake : at Sparta. — 4(>4, causes third Messenian "War ; 
115, at Antioeh; 1755, at Lisbon, fdt from Bohemia to 
the West Indies. 

Eastern Empire, 395 to 1453 : great extension of power under | 
Justinian, 527-565; decline, after Heraclius, 641 ; revival 
under Isauriau dynasty, 717-797; and under the .Mace- 
donian, S67-I056.* Coumenian dynasty, 10S1-11S5;* the 
Pala-olngi,* 12SIM4.53. E. Emp. and Attila, 441 ; con- 
quers Vandals. 533, and Ostrogoths, 553 ; Uulgarians 
and Avars attack, 559, 557. Silk culture, 555 (?). Per- 
sian wars, 603-62$; Saracens attack, 632+ ; sieges of 
Constantinople, G6S; peace, 677. Avars again, 609-620. 
Saracens attack Constantinople, 716-713. Iconoclast con- 
troversy on image-worship. 726 + ; loss of Exarchate of 
Kavenna, 753; loss of Sicily, STS. Russians attack, 904, 
941.971; Crete and Syria regained, 962 +; Sicily regained 
and lost, 1038, 1061 + ; Turks attack, 1065; Manzikert, 
X , 1071, Emp. Eomanus taken ; crusades, 1096 + : fourth 
crusade takes Constantinople, 1204, and holds till 1261 ; 
Empire continued at Nice and Trebizond ; Turks in 
Europe, 1343, gradually take Empiro till close, 145:3, fall 
of Constantinople. 

East Indies, see India. 

Eclipse, remarkable, —610; aids chronologj* by fixing a 
date. 

Ecnomus, —256. 

Edessa. 1097, 1144. 

Edgar, King of England, 959. 

Edgehill. x , 1642. 

Edict: Toleration, 311 ; of Milan, 313; of Nantes, 159S; same 
revoked, 16S5. 

Edmund I., 940; E— 11, Ironside, 1016, king .seven 
months. 

Edred, 946. 

Edrisites (from Edris, g.-g.-g.-son of AH), founded kingdom, 
737 (?) ; build Fez, SOS (?), till 931 (?),* 9iJ0 (?),* 9,>v4 (?).* 

Edward (Saxon kings) the Elder, 901 ; the Martyr, 975 ; the 
'onfessor. 1042; (Plantagenets, etc.): Edward I., to 
Palestine, 1270; king, 1272; E— II.. 1307; E— III., 



1827; E—, Black Prince, A 1376; E— IV., 1461; E-V., 
1463 ; E— VI., 1547. Gen. Tables XX., XXI. 

Edwy (= Edwin), 955. 

Egbert, 800, 827, A S38. Gen. Tab. XX. 

Eginhard, A 844. 

Egj'pt, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; country of most ancient civili- 
zation known, extending back to 2500 u. c, or earlier; 
kings, — e&i; —670, —605, —569, —525; under I'tol- 
emies, — 312, — 47 ; Cleopatra, —30 ; under E. Em- 
pire, 603, 639. See Alexandria; Fatimites, 90s, i)G9, 
1096; Saladin, 1171 to 1193; crusades, 1217, 124^; 
Mamelukes, 1250; Turks, 1517, 1798, iSil. 

Elagabalus, 218; same as HeUogabalus. 

Elba, 1S14. 

Electors, the seven lords who in Cent. XIII. secured to 
themselves the power to choose the emperor, viz. : Arch- 
bishops of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne (Mainz. Trier, 
and Kuln), King of Bohemia, Electors of Brandenburg 
and Saxony, and Elector Pulatine. An Elector of Bava- 
ria was added, from 1545* to 1777.* The Elector of 
Hanover, created 1692;* llesse-Cassel, Wiirtemberg, 
Salzburg, and Baden, l-jOl,* Cologne and Treves being 
abolished. Title is now abolished, except for Hesse- 
Cassel; office has ceased. Elector Palatine, Frederick V. 
(Gen. Tab. XXV.), 1620; the great Elector of Branden- 
burg, 1640-1688. 

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 1558. (Same Eame as Isabella 
in other countries.) 

Emanuel, of Portugal, 1495 to 1521. 

Emancipation, see Catholic, Slavery. 

Emperor, first (Julius Ca-sar sometimes so called;. Augustus, 
—27; good emperors, 96-lsO; last lloman, old W. Em- 
pire, Romulus, 476; E. Empire, Constintino XIII., 1453; 
last of "Holy Komau Empire," Francis II., iMlti. who 
took the title " Emjieror of Austria," 1804 ;* first French, 
Napoleon, 1S04; first German, William I., 1871. "L.atin 
Emperors," Constantinople, 1204-'GI : Golden Bull, 1356. 

Empire, see Emperor. Roman, di\ided. 292+, 3:37 + , 364 + , 
and, finally, 395. Branches end. 476, 14.V3. Western, re- 
newed, 800 ; division, &40. ratified, n43 ; reunion. SS4 ; 
division, SS3; no emperor, 924* to 0iy2; revived by Otho 
I., 962; became "//o^y Roman Empire" under Frederick 
I. New German Empire, 1871. Events are too many to 
be indexed under this title, and must be sought on tho 
Charts, or under other titles. 

England, English, see Table, Cent. —VIII.; Britain, India, 
Danes, Normans, Saxons, Civil Wars, Church, Scotland, 
Plantagenets, Tudors, and other titles, for special events. 
Line of kings, from 800 ; third from top, on the Charts, 
from 900. 

Ennius, A —169. 

Epaminondas, Theban general and statesman, from —379; 
t -362. 

Ephesus, great Ionic city, burnt by Goths. 262. 

Epicurus, —270. 

Era, of Olympiads, —776; Roman, —753; of Nabonassar, 
— 747. (The latter used by nstronou.ers aneiently, as it 
notes the foundation of an observatory, and begins a 
series of observations.) 

Erasmus, A 1536. 

Erie, Lake, □ , 1813. 

Erigena, John the Scot, A 875. 

Esarhaddon. —680. 

Erhandune, x, S78. 

Ethelbald, 85S. Gen. Tab. XX. 

Ethelbert, 860. 

Ethelred I., 866; E— II., 978, the Unready, A 1016. 

Ethelwolf. S38. 



59 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Ethiopians (not negroes, but from Abyssinia), Tal»Ie, Cent. 
— VIII. ; — 73U. 

Etruria, Etruscans, — SOO, —550, —318, —308, — 2S3. 

Euclid, —300. 

Euf.'1-Mii.', Prince, of t?avoy, gicat general, A 1T36. Gen. Tab. 
XXVI. 

Eugenius, usurping Emperor, 392. 

Euric, 466. 

Euripides, — 406. 

Euryinedon, a, — 466. 

Eusel)ias, A 340; writer of riiurch history. 

Evesham, x, 126?. 

Exareliate of liavenna. 5."t3, 752, 7."4, 755. (Exarchate, dis- 
trict governed by an txardi.) 

Exuiouth, 1817. 

Eylflu, X , 1807. 



Fabius, Q. Mnximus, "■ Cunetntor," dictitor, —217. 

Faineant (= do-notliin;r, <>r idler), Louis V., 9>i6. 

Fauiine, Irish, 1S46. 

Fatimitcs, descendants of Mahouiot by Fatiuia and Ali; 661, 
1108, 969. 

Faviia, 737. 

Ferdinand I., Einp., 1558; F— II., 1619; F~ III., 1637; F— 
I., of Austria, 1835 ; F— V., of Aragon, 1474, A 1516. 

♦Feudal System. Dehnition — A system of tenure of land 
and sovereignty upon conditions, generally, of milihu-y 
service. Time.— 500 to 15iH) ; special prevalence, ^50 to 
1350. Akea.— Where Cliarlemagne ruled, or the Empire 
was extended, and where Normans conquered ; thus, in 
France (its special field), Germany, Italy, England ; little 
in Spain or E. Empire. Terms. — Lord = suzerain, aov- 
ereiffJi, seigneur, the superior party in the feudal bond, 
grantor of the laud. Vanml, inferior party, who ren- 
dere<i Jiomage, owed fealty, and received llie fief by in- 
Vist/ttire. F/'tf =/tud^ or bcnijfce, a.i\ estate held by a 
vassal frt'Ui a lord on conditions. AlJod = allodial land, 
land held free of feudal oblig:itions. Suh-iiifnidation, 
the giving of a part of a fief by a vassal to a lower vassal 
in feudal tenure, lieli^f, money paid to his lord by a 
vassal upon inheriting a fief. Fine, money i)aid to a 
lord when a vassal sold his rights to some one else who 
took bis i)Iace. Kftclt-eat, forfeiture of a fief to a lord by 
lack of heirs or failure to fulfill conditions of tenure. 
Aid^, assessments for special emergencies, as to ransom 
a captive lord, give dowry to eldest daughter, or pay 
exTienses of knighting eldest son. Peivile(;es of Gkeat 
FErPATOitiES.- 1. Coinage. 2. Private war. 3, Exemj)- 
tion from public tributes, except feudal aids. 4. Free- 
dom from legislative control. 5. Justiciary power. 
Downfall. — Caused (1) l>y growth of royalty through 
marriages, forfeitures, inci-case of judicial power ; (2) by 
froo cities; rise of lower classes; (3) by crusades, 
sales of privileges and of estates ; (4) by mercenary sol- 
diers, standing armies, especially after 1422, accession of 
Charles VII. in France. 

Fez, 603 ; see Edrisites. 

Fiefs, hereditary in France, S77: see Feudal System. 

"Field of Cloth of Gold." place of conference of Francis I. 

and Ik-nry VIII., 1520, near Calais. 
Finland. 174:3 ; Finns, Table, Cent. —VIII. 

Fire: Chicago, 1871; London, 1666; Moscow, 1812; Home, 

(U. 
Fire-arms, note. Cent. XIV. 

Flanders, Sfe Netherlands, and (ien. Tab. XXXII. France 
BeizoR. 1667. 



Flavius, family name of Emperors Vespasian, Titus, Domb 

tian; Flav. Severus, 305. 
Flodden, x, 1513 

Florence, free city ; plague, 1348 ; Medici, 137S ; ste Pisa. 
Florian, 276. 

Fontaine, John de la, poet, A 1G95. 
Fontenay, x, S41. 
Fonteuoy, x, 1745. 
Forum Trebonii, x,251. 
Fox, George, founder of Quakerism, A 1G91. 
France; see events under other titles, especially Gaul, Franks, 

Visigoths. Burgundy, Feudal System: French lino of 

kings, upper line on Charts, from 8s8. 
Franche Comte, i<tc^ Burgundy. France seizes, 1667; ceded 

to France, 1678.* 
Francis, of France, I., 1515, 1525; F— II., 1559; of Empire, 

F— I., 1745; F— II., 1792; he became F— I. of Austria, 

1S06, taking the title in 1804;* of Austria, F— L, 1806 ; 

F— Joseph, 18-18. Gen. Tables X., XIV., XIX. 
Franconia, Cb.iiks the Fat, king, 876 ; Franconians, Conrad 

I., 911 ; Conrad II., line of F. emperors, 1024 to 1125. 

Gen. Tables VII., VIII. 
Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, statesman and philosopher, A 1790. 
Franks, Table, Cent. —VIII. (Teutons, not French; the 

Frtnch arc a composite people of later date.) Inroads, 

etc , 240, 256, 277, 284, 309, 320, 354, 481. Clovis, 4S1 to 

511 ; kingdom in (Jaul, A^& ; 534, ^36, 588. 
Frederick, Emperors: L, 1152-1190, sundry events; F— H., 

a!;^o King of Sicily, 1212-1250, sundry events; F— III. 

(iV.), 1440 + ; F— of Austria (F— III. of some), 1314. 

Of Prussia, F— I., 1701 (previously F— 111., Elector, 

1688) ; F— II., the Great, 1740-1786. Gen. Tables VIII., 

IX., XXIV. 
Frederick William, Prussia, I., 1713; F. W— IE, 176C; 

F. "W- III., 1797; F. W— IV., 1840. Gen. Tab. XXIV. 
Free Cities in Italy, t'ent. X.; see Feudal System; they 

weic vassals often of kings or emperors at first. 
French in Mexico, 1861. French Kevolutions. 1789, 1830, 

1848. 
French and Indian War, 175^1. 
Friedland, x, 1807. 
Fritigern, Visigothic chief, 376-:is2.* 
Froissart. A 1-101. 
Fronde, H4-i. 

Fulton, Itobert, inventor, A 1S15; fiist steamlioat (on Hud- 
son), 1807, 



Galba, 69, + 69. 

Galen, A 200. 

Galenus, 292-311 ; joins in edict. 311; gained provinces in 
war with Persia, tost 363. 

Galileo de' Galilei, scientist, A 1642. 

Gallienu.s, 254, 260. 

Gallus, 251, Emperor ; G— , Ca'sar, 351-354. 

Garibaldi. is6n. 

Gaul. Gauls. Gallic. Tal)Ie, Cent. —VIII.; fight it.une, 
—SSS — :is7. — Mi'i\ they helped the Snmnites in third 
war; —225 to — 222, coirquest of Cisalpine Gaul; con- 
quest of Gaul Transalpine, —121, — 58; Alemanni in 
Gaul, 234, 3.54; Franks, 240, 2.56, 277. 354; Gallic king- 
dom, 258-274. Visigoths, 414-507; Vandals, etc., 406; 
Britons, 450. See Franks. Burgunds, Visigoth8, and 
France. 

Geber. 780; date very uniertain. 

Gelo, —480. 

Geneva: Calviirs power, 1541 ; arbitration, 1872. 



60 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Genoa, an important free city from 1000 ;* see Pisa ; war with 
SaYoy, 1625. 

Genseric, 428-4T7 ; see Vandals ; plunders Home, 455. 

George I., Brunswick, King of England, 1714 ; G— 11., 1727; 
G— lit., king 1760, insane 1811, A 1820; G— IV., re- 
gent 1811, king 1S20-1S80. Gen. Tab. XXIII. 

Georgia, U. 8., 1732. 

Gerbert, Pope Sylvester II., 999-1003. 

Germaniciis, 10-17. Gen. Tab., Cent. I. 

Germans, Germany, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; see Emperors, 
Empire, Electors, Austria, Prussia, Diet, Reformation, 
and many other titles. Line of kings who are mostly 
emperors, second line on Charts from 8S7. German wars 
of Korac, —12 to —9 ; — 9 to 6 A. D. ; 9, x Teutoberg 
Forest; 10-17. Germany subjects Italy and revives 
Empire, 951, 962. Germans storm Rome and hold it 
seven months, 1527: Peasants' War, 1525; Religious 
War, 1516; new Empire, 1S71. 

Gerson, John, A 1429. 

Gesenius, William, great Hebraist, A 1812, 

Geta, + 211. 

Gettysburg, x, 1803. 

Ghent, treaty there, U. S. and England, signed Dec. 24, 1S14. 

Ghibehns (= party of the Emperor m. Welfie house or 
popes), originate, 1138; strife in Italy, f'ent. XIV. 

Ghizni (= Ghuznee, Gaznah), kingdom, 901-118:); taken by 
Mongols, 1250 (?).* 

Gibbon, Edward, historian, A 1794. 

Gibraltar, 1704. 

Gladiators' War, —73 ; gladiatorial shows abolished, 404. 

Glass-windows; note. Cent. XIV. (Glass made in Egj'pt, 
1600 B, c, or earlier.) 

"Glorious Revolution," England, 1083. 

Glycerius. 472. 

Godfrey of Bouillon, 1099, A 1100. 

Godwin. A 115:?. 

*Goethe, John W., poet, etc., greatest German m-iter, A 1832, 
age i>4. 

Golden Age, Rome,* time of Augustus ; Saracens of East, 
760-820; Saracens of West, 950-1001). 

Golden Bull, Germany, 1:356. 

Gomates (= Smerdis), —522. 

Gonatas (= Antigonus I.), — 277. 

Good Emperors, 96-180. 

Good Hope, Cape of, 1498 ; discovered, 1 193.* 

Gordian, I., II., III., 9:38. 

Gordon (= "No Popery") riots, 1780. 

Gorm the Old. A 936 or 939. (He was certainly king in 
863 ;* hence ruled at least 73 years, if not 81.) 

Goths, Table, Cent. — VIII. ; three sections, Ostro- and 
Visi-goths (i. e. East- and West-Goths, as they settled 
on the Danube) and Gepid* ; the latter remained in 
Dacia till conquered by Lomb-irds. 2(10, 250. 256, 258, 
2G9, 270, 822, 333, 376; see Ostrogoths, Visigoths. 

Gower, John, A 1403. 

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, —ISS; Gen. Tab., Cent. —II.; 
Cains, —123, —131. s.ame Gen. Tab. 

Granada, kingdom of, 1237-1493 ; see Almohades. 

Granicus, x , 3:34. 

Grant, Ulysses S., general U.S., 1861 + ; President, 1869-1877 ; 
campaign in Va., 1864. 

Gratian, 375. 

Gray, Thomas, poet, A 1771. 

Great Britain. James I took title. "King of Great Britain," 
at accession, 1603; first united Parliament of England 
and Scotland meets, 1707; united with Ireland, 1800;* 
title since is "United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland." 



"Great Schism," 1:378-1429. 

Greece, Grecian, Greek. Table, Cent. —VIII. ; —790, —730, 
— 500. (^entuiies — V., — IV., —III., — II., pas>^im; see 
Ionia, Corinth, Sparta, Athens, Thebes, and names of 
other cities ; Solon, and other persons. Barbarian irrup- 
tions, —279, 256, 258; under Consfans, 337. IVIodern 
Greece, revolt, 1821 ; independence, 1830. See Morea, 
Turks, Venice. 

Greek Church, 807, 1054; see Photius. Greek Fire, 668. 

Gregory (sixteen popes so named) I., 590-604; G— II., 715, 
and G — III., 731, oppose Emp. Leo on image-worshij) ; 
G— VII., 1078, 1077; G— IX., 1227, opposes Frederick 
II. ; G — XIII., 1572 ; revises Calendar, 1583. 

Guelfs ( = party against Emperor ; as family, the Welfs, Gen. 
Tables VII., VIII.), see Ghibelins and same dates. 

Guide (Aretino = of Arezzo), 1024. 

*Guise, Dukes; see Gen. Tab. XIX. Noted in time of 
Henry IV., France. 

Guizot, Francis P. G., statesman and historian, A 1874. 

Gunpowder, note. Cent. XIV. ; G— plot, !i;o5. 

Gust.avus: — Adolphus, 1611-16-32; — Vasa, founder of line, 
1.523. Gen. Tab. X.WII. 

Guy of Spoleto, 888; Gen. Tab. V. 

Gygys^ — 724, founds Mermnad dynasty in Lydia. 

II 

Habeas Corpus Act, 1C79. 

Hadrian (or Adrian), 117, 119, 121, etc., to 138. 

Halidon Hill, x , 13:33. 

Hamilcar (.we Barca), 248, 236. A 228. 

Ilamitie, Table, Cent. — VIII. Some ctll Hamitic people.s 
Semitic ; it is difficult to discriminate them. But Sem- 
ites are never maritime, commercial, unless the Ilamites 
are included as Semites. 

♦Hampden, John, patriot statesman. + ir43; in Sliipmoney 
controversy, 16:34. 

Handel, George Frederick, musician, A 1759. 

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca, born —247 ; conducts sec- 
ond Punic War, —320 to — 201; to Antiochus, —195; 
A— 183. 

Ilanseatic League ; union ol trading-towns of German)-, etc., 
for mi.tual protection ; origin cannot be d.ited. but about 
1220;* comes to notice, 1245; greatest power, about 
1360; broken up, 1630.* 

Hardicanuto (Harthaknudt). 1040. Gen, Tab. XX. 

Harold, Harefoot, 1035 ; 11— II., Godwin's son, 1060. 

Haroim (= Aaron) al Kasehid, 786, 800. 

Harvey, Dr. William, A 1 657 ; discovered circulation of the 
blond. 

Hassan, 660. 

Hasting. Danish pirate. Cent. IX. 

Hastings (or Senlac\ x . 1066. 

Hastings, Warren, Gov. -general of India, 1773;* impeached, 
1786;* trial. 1788; A 1818. 

Hattin (or Tiberias), x . 1187. 

Haydn. Joseph, great musician, A 1809. 

Hebrews. Table. Cent. —VIII. 

Height of Power: Assyri.1. —600: Athensi. —4.50, —358; 
Babylon, — 569 ;* Empire, Western, Frederick XL, 
1230(?);* Empire, Roman, Trajan, 117;* H.anse.itic, 
1360(?);* Holland, 1631 to 1672; Persia, Darius I., 
—600;* Polard, 1510;* Saracens, 780;* E. Saracens, 
600;* W. Sar.accns, 1000;* .Spain, Philip II., 1500;* 
Sparta, —400; Turks. 1520-f ;* Venice, Cent. XV. 

Hejira (= Ilejra, Hegira), 622 ; see p. 13. 

*Heliogabalus (= Elngabalus). 218. 

Helvoet Sluys, one of the mouths of the Rhine, d , 1:340. 



61 



AJTALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Hennepin, IGSO ; Catholic missionary. 

Henry ; of EnfjlanJ, H— 1. (Beaiiclerc = fine scholar), 1100; 
II— II., Plantanenet, 1154, 116'2, 1109; II— III., lilfi, 
1264, 12()5; II— IV., Lancaster, usurper, Vi'.i'J, 1403; 
H— v., 1413,1415, 1430; II- VI. (weak-minded), 1422, 
1445, 1460, i 1471; H— VII., Tudor, usurper, 14S.'); 
11— VIII , 1500. Of France, II— I., 1031 ; II— II., 1547; 
H— III. (Duke of Anjou, King of Poland), 1574 ; H— 
IV., Bourbon, 1580, 1.590, 1.59S, + ICIO. H— V.,* title 
claimed by present representative of Bourbon line. Of 
Germany, 11— I., the Fowler, of Saxony, 919, 9S3; II— 
II., "Holy," 1002; H— III., "Black," 1039; II— IV., 
1050,1077; II— v., HOC; H— VI., 1186,1190; II- VII., 
(if Luxemburg, 1308. Henry the Lion, 1178. 

Heptarchy, English (commonly called ^txof}) kingdoms in 
Britain; really, often more or less than seven; note, 
Centuries VI., VII. 

Ileradeia, x , —280. 

Ileraclius I., OKI, 622. 

Ileristal, Peijin of, 6j7. 

Hermanric, 350. 

Herod the Great, A— 4. 

Herodotus, —484. 

Heruli, 470-493. 

Hexham, x , 1404. 

Hienipsal, cousin anil co-heir of Jugurtlia, t — 118. 

IlieroII., — 20;j, A— 210. 

llildebrand (= Gregory VII, ), 1073. 

Himera, x , -480. 

Ilincmar, 882. 

Hindoos. Table, Cent. — Vlll. ; fff India. 

Hipparclius, —527, brother of lii|i[iias. 

Hipjiias. — .527, —510; son of Pisistratus. 

Hixem I.. 976. 

Hochstadt (= Blenheim), x,1704; a previous biittle there, 
1703.* 

Hogue, la. battle .11 Cape, 1092. 

Hohenlinden, x,1800. 

Hohenstaufen : German dynasty, 1135-12,54; p.wer ends, 
12.50 

Holland: William the Silent, 1579; declares independence, 
1.5S1; see Dutch; 1.595, 1002, 1609; power of, wn+; 
war-s 1 0.52, 1 064. 1 672, 1 688 ; in Le.-igue of Augsburg, 1 6S6 ; 
in war, Austrian succession. 1740; King Louis, 1806; 
Joined with Belgium. l.sU ; separated, 1830. 

*Holstein. xee Danish Duchies. 

Holy Alliance. 1M5; Holy Cros?, Sir Cross; Holy League, 
1.510. 

*IIomer, Greek poet before history, of very uncertain 
date. 

Honorius. Emp.. 395; Pope H— III., 1210. 

Hood. Thiimas, poet, A 1S45. 

Hophra (= Apries), — 588. 

Horace (Q. Horatins FLaceusl. A —8. 

Hostages, Achfcnn, — 167, — 151. 

Hostilian, 251. 

Howard. John, philanthropist, A 1790. 

Iluhertsburg, Peace of, 1763. 

Hudson, river. 1607. 

Hugh. Capet, founder of line, 987. Gen. Tables VI.. VII., 
XIII. 

Huguenot-. French Protestants, forming also political party, 
1.598, 1615, 1628. 1029, 1685. 

Humboldt, Alexander von, A ls.59: great scientis^ 

Hume, David, histoiian and jihilosopher, A 1770. 

Hundred Years' War, 1337-14.53. 

Hungarians, Hung.ary; Table, Cent. —VIII.; .'€• Magyars; 
889, 900, 933, 9.55; regular government formed, Cent. X., 



997, 1444; united to Austria, x Moh^cs, death of last 
king, 1520; Maria Theresa, 1740; revolt, 1S48. 

Huns, 375.441,451,469; Avars and Hungarians were erro- 
neously so named, because Turanians. See Attila. 

IIuss, John, 1 1415; Hussite wars, 1419, 

Huygens, Christian, scientist, inventor, A 1695. 

Hyder Ali, 1761. 

Ilypatia, teacher, brutally murdered by Alexandrian Chris- 
tians with connivance of St. C^tU, 415. 

Hyphasis, E. branch of Indus, now Sutlej, — .320. 

Ilystaspis, see Darius I., a title, from bis father's name. 



I 

Ibn 8ina, 1037 (= AvicennaV 

Iconiuin, Iloum, kingdom. 1074. 

*Iconoclasts, ojiponents of image-worship, q. v. 

Illyrian War, — 230. 

Image-worship forbidden, 726; see Gregory, Leo. 

Imposture of Simnel, 14s7; pretended to be Edward, Earl of 
Warwick, son of (ieorge, Duke of Clarence. Gen. Tab. 
XXII. See Warbeck. 

Independence: Holland, 1581, 1009; Prus&i:t, from Poland, 
1057; United States, 1770. 

India: T.able, Cent, —VIII.; —320; 712, 99T, 1SG8, 1498. 
Portuguese colonies, 1.560, 1695, 1002-1120; Moguls, 
1,526,1556; Xavier, 1.542 ; Enghsh, 1757, 1774. Mutiny, 
1857. E. Indies: Dutch take Portuguese, 1602-1620 ; 
slavery abolished, 18:^8. W. Indies : slavery abolished 
in English. 1>S4-1S38. 

Infallibility of the Pope us head of the Eoman Catholic Church, 
explained and declared, Vatican Council. 1^70. 

Innocent 111, pope, 1198-1216; interdicts and crusades, sw 
Pojies : I. -IV., 124;^: opposed Frederick II. 

Inquisition, 1229 ; see Torquemada, 1498. Not entirely sup- 
pressed till 1SS5! 

Institutes of Justinian, 528 + . 

Interdict: on France, 1200; on Engl.and. 1208.* 

Intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, — 442. 

Interregnum in W. Empire, 1250-1273 (or some say 1250- 
1273, from death of William of Holland). 

Inventions, see note, Cent. XIV.: printing about 1436; 
watches for pocket, 1658 ; spinning-machinery, 1707; 
steam-engine perfected, 1782 ; balloons, about 17^3. 
Seven of the greatest inventions or discoveries of the 
nineteenth century are the railroad and locomotive, jiho- 
tography, electric telegraph, sewing-machine, reajiers, 
anai'Sthetics, and friction matches ; but the century is 
full of inventions and improvements innumer.able, most- 
ly from people of Teutonic stock. 

Investitures, contest. 1073, 1122. 

Ionia, Ionic, etc., — 70>, -501, —494; see Athens. 

Ipsus, X , — 301. 

Iranian. Table, Cent. —VIII. 

Ireland. 1169; see Great Britain. Irish famine, 1546; rebel- 
lions. 1798, 1818; Boyne. x.lGOO. 

Irene, usm-ping Empress, 780, 797. 

Isabella, Castile. 1474; Gen. Tab. XL; usurping Queen of 
England. 1326; Gen. Tab. XIV. 

Isaiah, —712, or earlier. 

Isaurian dyna.sty : Leo III,, 717. to Irene's son, Constantino 
VI., 797. 

Isidore, St , A 636. 

Islam, Mohammed's religion, 6:W. 

Israel, —721 ; see Sargon. 

Issus, «, —333; x, 194. 

Isthmian games, near Corinth, —196. 

Italy ; see Rome, and many other titles. Table, Cent. —VIII. 



62 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



_800, —712, —265. History of Rome and Italy identical 
till 476 ; 256, 200, 271 ; barbarians in, 402, 405-412 ; 455, 
476, 4S9, 538, 56S ; kings, H40, S55, 8S8+; subject to 
Germany, 'J51, UOl ; free cities rise. Cent. X.; Normans, 
1029; Lombard Leag:ue, 1154+ ; Eienzi, lo47; Charles 
VIII. invades, 1494; 1529; great wars, Cent. XVI.; 
new liinpdom of Italy, 1S61. 
*Ivan the Terrible, Czar of Kussia, 1538-16S4 ; Gen. Tab. 

xxxni. 

Ivry, X , 1590. 



Jackson, Andrew, LTnitcd States general; President, 1829; 
A 1845. 

" Jacquerie," 135S. 

James I., Stuart, King of England, 1(103; J— II., 1685. IfiOO, 
A 1701; J—, the Pretender, A 1765; (Jen. Tab. XXIII. 

Jamestown, Va., 1607. 

Janseni^ts, opponents of Jesuits in France, from 1(150;* Jan- 
sen,* A 1638. Bull '' rnigenitus" against them, 1713. 

Janus, temple of, closed, — 235, — 29 ; also, — 25,* and by Ves- 
pasian. 71 ;* sign that Rome had nu war. 

Japan. 1637. 

Java, 1713. 

Jeflerson, Thomas. United States President, 1801 ; A July 4, 
1826. 

Jemappes, x , 17D2. 

Jena, x , 1800. 

Jenner, Dr. Edward, discovers vaccination; introduces it, 
1799;* A 1823. 

Jeremiah, — 629. 

Jerome, St., A 420; author of Vulgate or Latin translation of 
the Scriptures. 

Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 1807, A 1860.* 

Jerusalem, — 5S6, —63 ; destroyed by Titus, 70; 614, 637; iu 
the crusades, 1076, 1096, 1099, 1187, 1227, 1243. 

Jesuits (= "Society of Je.sns"), begun, 1534;* estiiblished by 
Paul TIL, pope, 1540 ; suppressed, 1773; revived by Pius 
VII., 1S14.* 

Jesus, see Christ. 

Jews, see Jerusalem, — 5S6. —63; Judrea, — 166. Itetnrn 
from Babylonian captivity, — 536 ;* Jewish war, 66-70; 
revolt, 131 + ; persecuted with Christians, 202. Perse- 
cuted in, or expelled from, all European countries till the 
eighteenth century ; not allowed in England from 1287* 
to 1650;* driven from Spain, 1492 ;* perfect liberty of 
religious worship not given in England till 1855.* See 
Israel, Herod, Hebrews. 

Joan Dare, commonly, but incorrectly, d'Arc {or "of Arc"), 
1428, 1 1431. 

Jobst or Josse of Moravia, rival emperor, 1410, A 1411; 
cousin of Sigismuud. 

Jolm L, Zimisces, E. Emp., 969, 971. J—, of England, 1199, 
1213, 1214. J— I., of France, often omitted from list of 
kings, 1316. J— II., 1350, 1356, A 1364, prisoner in Eng- 
land. J— the Scot, Eiigena, A 876. J— the Notary, or 
Secretary, 423. J— of Austria, natural son of Charles V., 
commander at Lepanto, A 1578. Twenty-two popes of 
this name. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, author, lexicographer, A 1784. 

Joseph I., Emp., 1705. J— IL, 1765. J_ Bonaparte, King 
of Naples, 1806;* of Spain, 1808 ; A 1844.* 

Josephus, 93. 

Jovian, 363 ; peace of. 363. 

Judjea, see Jews and Judas. 

Judas, Maccabff-uH. —160, —166. 

" Judices," —123. These were not, like our judges, to decide 



upon law ; they decided upon facts only. Caius's law 

made judices from the cquites ; previously they had been 

from senators only. 
Jugurtha, —118; Jugurthino War, —111 to —106; see 

Hiempsal. 
Julia, daughter of Ctesar, wife of Pompey, A —54. Gun. Tab., 

Cent. I. 
Julian, 354, 361, t 363. 
Julius Caesar, .see Caisar. J— Nepos, 474. Pope J— II., 

1503; seeVopes. 
Justin L, 518; J— IL, 565. 
Justinian I., the Great, 527, and events to 5G5. 
Juvenal, A 118^0; some say 125,* 128.* 



'S^W^ Names beginning with K or C may be found under 
C, if not here, 

Kant, Immauuel, great philosopher, A 1804. 

Karamites, sec Karmathians. 

Karism (=: Charisme. Chowarcsm, Corasmia; Kharasm in 
Lippiiicott's Gazetteer ; same as Khiva now), Karismians, 
1216, 1243. 

Karl, German for Charles ; Karl the Great — Charlemagne. 

Karling line, the line of Charlemagne ; Karlings, or Carlo- 
vingians = descendants of Karl, i. e. of Martel, or of 
Charlemagne. Mayors of this line, 687 + ; kings, 752 + ; 
last German, A 911 ; last French, A 987. 

Karmathians, Cent. X., especially 929. The famous "Assas- 
sins" were a band of Karmathians, 1090.* 

Kempis. Thomas a, A 1471. 

Kepler, John, astronomer, A 1630, 

Khoras.san, 813. 

Kiercy (= Quercy, Chiersi, etc.), 877. 

"King George's War.'' 174i; "King Philip's War," 1675: 
"King William's War," 16S>, 

" Kingmaker," Ilicimer, 456; Earl of Warwick, 1 1471. 

Knights: St. John, or llospitaler.s, founded, 1099; recog- 
nized by authority, 1113; take Rhodes, 1307-1310; lose 
it, 1522; get Malta, 1530; dissolved. 1803.* K— Tem- 
plars, 1118, 11S7; suppressed. 1307-1314. Teutonic K—, 
established, 1192 ; broken up, 1525;* dissolved, 1809.* 

Kno.Y, John, A 1572. 

Knudt = C.nnute, 1016. 

Kilniggralz = Sadowa, x. 1866. 

*■ Koran, book of Mohammed's revelations, compiled, C32-C33. 



Ladies' Peace, 1529. 

Lafontaine, see Fontaine. 

Lagi (= son of Lacrus), —312, Ptolemy. Gen. Tab. III. 

Lallogue, n, 1692. 

Lambert, King of Italy and Emp., 694. 

Lamian War. at Lamia, —323. 

Lancaster, House of; Henry n*".. King of Englan-l, 1399; 

War of Roses, 1455. 
Langton, Stephen, A 1228; to him. ami to Willi.ini, Earl of 

Pembroke.* England is indebted for Magna Charta. 
Laplace, mathematician, A 1827. 
Lapps, Laplanders, Table, Cent. — VIII. 
Lasalle, 1682. + 1687.* 
Latins. Latium. etc.. see Rome, Italy, etc., — 491, — 346, -337, 

—335. "Latin Emperors," J2nj^l2('>I. 
Lavoisier, chemist. 1 1794. 
Law, Civil, see Civil Law, 

Law's Mississijipi scheme (baseless speculation), 1717. 
Leagues : Achffian, —280 to —146 ; ^tolian, —280 to —190 ; 

armed neutrality, 1780; Augsburg, 16S6, 16SS, 1689; 



63 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE IIISTOKICAL CHARTS. 



Cambray, 1508 ; Catholic, organized 1576,* defeated 1550, 
ends 1596;* llanseatic, see that; Holy, 1510; Latin, 
^91; Lombard, 1138, 1167, 1176; Public Good, 1465; 
Scotch, loys; Snialcald, 15^1; Swabian cities, 138S. See 
Coalition, Alliance, Peace, 

Leoupt'nus, liomanus, 019. 

Legislation: of Solon, — 594; Licinius, —374; Canuleius, 
— 442 ; Publilius Yolero, — 470 ; Decemvirs, — 451 ; 
A<Tarian, see that; Ogulnian, — 3ti0 ; of tho Gracchi 
{= Sempronian), —133, — 123 ; Justinian, 52S. 

Legnano, x, 1176. 

Leibnitz, philosopher, A 1716. 

Leipsic, x, 1G31 ; -Battlu of the Nations," 1818. 

Leo I., Kaip., 457 ; Leo IIL, 717, 726 ; Leo IV., Chazar. 775 ; 
Leo VL, 886. Leo X., pope, 1513. 

Leon, kingdom of (= Asturias, Ovicdu), 757, 1072, 1157, 12:30. 

*Leonidas, — 180, at Thermopyke. 

Leopold I., 165s; L— II., 1790. 

Lepanto, n, 1571. 

LL'i)idiis, M. ^Emiliiis, — 4.3, — 30, A -12. 

Lcsising, piict, Clitic, A 17^1. 

Lettic, Table, Ct-nt. —VIII. 

Leuctia, x, — ;371. 

Lewus, X, 1264. 

Lewis {se-.' also Louis for those of France, etc ), the German, 
640; of Saxony, S76 ; L — III., the Child, last Karliug, 
899-911; L— IV., 1314. 

Libius Severus, 461. 

Library, Alc.vandriaii, part biiriK-'d in C:esar's struggle, — 18;* 
the rest by nmb, 390; 6(0 (?i. Whatever was burned in 
640 was prubably a small monkish collection. 

Licinius, Stolo, Liciuian law, —374, —364. Lici:;ius, Eui]>., 
307,311,314,8*22, t 324. 

Liguiian Wars, —193 to —114. 

Lincoln. Abraham, ISOl, t 1865. 

Linna'us (= Linne), Charles, 177^. 

Lisbon earthquake, see Earthi|uake. 

Lithuanians, Table, Cent. —VIII. 

Liuti>rand, historian, bishoi>, A 97tl ; a noted Lombard king, 
*712-744. 

Livy, A 17. 

Locke, John, pbilosofdnr. 1704. 

Locrian Sacred War, - 339. 

Lombards, Lombardy : Table. Cent. —VIII. ; 526. 568, no'e; 
Cent. VII., 752, 774. 

London: plague, 1348, 1665; Ore, I6G6. 

Lonu'imanus, — 465. 

Longinus, A 273. 

Lords, House of, 1G49 ; see Parliament. The early parlia- 
ments, so called, were not representative, but composed 
only of men of rank. 

Lorraine, King of, S55; Duke becomes emperor, 1745. Lor- 
raine was part of empire till 1542 ;* j<tined France, 1766.* 
Gen. Tab. XIX. 

Lothair L, Emp., 840 ; L— II . Emp., Duke of Saxony, 1125; 
L — II., Lorraine, 855 ; I^ — , King of France, 954. 

Louis {see Lewis for Germans, etc.) L, Emperor, 814. Of 
France, L— II., 877; L— III., 879 ; I^ IV., 936; L- 
V., 9SG; L— VI., IIOS; L— VIL. 1137. 1146 : I^ VTIL. 
1223: L— IX., St. Louis. 1226. 1248, 1270; L- X., 1314; 
L— XI., 1461 ; L— XII., 1498; L— XIII.. 1610; L— 
XIV., 1643, and events to 1715; I^ XV., 1715 ; L— 
XVI.. 1774, 1793; I.— XVII.. never reigned. A 1794; 
L— XVIIL, 1814 ; L— PhiHppe. of Orleans, 1830-1848. 
L— II., Italy. >-5ri ; L— I.. Hungary, of House of Anjou, 
1342, 1370; L— the Klind, Provence, 887; L— IJona- 
l)arte. King of ilolland, IsoO. A 1846;* Louis Napoleon 
(= Nai.oleon III.), 1851, l.s70, A 1873. 



Louisburg, 1745. 

Louisiana, 1803. 

Loyola, Ignatius (St.), founder of Jesuits, see that, A 1556. 

Lucian, A 182. 

Lucretius, —52 or — 55 (?). 

Lusitanian War, —149. 

Luther at Worms, 1521 ; A 1546 ; see Reformation. 

Latter, x, 1626. 

Lutzen, x, 1632. 

Luxemburg emi)erors : Henry VIL, Charles IV., Wenzel, 
Sigismund, v/iic/i att. 

Lycurgus, institutions end, —188. Lycurgus was of un- 
known date and deeds, or mythical ; revised laws of 
Sparta (?). 

Lydia. —800, —724, —COO. —620, —615, —554. See Sardis, 
Gyges, and kings following. 

♦Lydiadas, see Achieau League. 

Lyons, x , 197. 

*Lysander, in Peloponnesian War, —407 ;* took Athens, —404 ; 

t-y95.* 

Lyttuu liulwcr, novelist, A lb72. 

M 

Macaulay, Thomas li., A 1859, critic and historian. 

Macbeth, 1039. 
I Maccabees, — 100, — 166. 

I Macedon: kings, —359 to -823; —316 to —287; —277 to 
j —168. Events, fre(]Uent, —359 to —14.8. Goths ravage, 

1 256, 258, 395. Wors with Koine: lirst, —214; second, 

—200; third, —171 ; fourth, —148. Ste Greece, Philip, 
t Alexander, Diadochi. 

*Machiavel, Nicholas, political writer, A 1527, age 53. 

Macrinus, 217. 

Madison, lNi9; A b^36.* 

"Mad Parliament,^' 1258. 

Magellan's circumnavigation, 1519-1522 ; + 1521.* 

Magaita, x, 1859. 

Magna Cbarta, 1215 ; pledge of King John to abstain from 
acts of tyranny, enforced upon him and Ins successors ; 
see Langton; under Popes, sec Innocent HI. 

Magnentins, Tisnr])er, 350. 

Magnesia, x, — 190. 

Magyars, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; same as Hungarians of Cen- 
turies IX. and X.; ifte that title. 

Mahmoud of Ghizni, 997. 

Maimonides (= Muimun). A 1209, or 1204 (?). 

Mnjorian, 457. 

Malek Shah, 1072. 

Malplaquet, x, 1709. 

Malta, 1530 ; taken by England, IsOl.* 

Mamelukes (— Memlooks, i. e. captives, soldiers made ot 
captives), 12.-;0, 1268, 1291, 1517. 

Manchester Itailway, 1830. 

Manlius, saved Rome, -388;* t 3S1 (?). 

Mantineia, —418. —362. 

Manzikert {or Malaskerd, in Spruiier's Atlas ; various spell- 
ings), X, 1071. 

Mar, Earl, rebels. 1715. 

Marathon, x.— 490. 

March, Spanish (i. e. border-land in Spain), 778. 

Marcian, 450. 

Marcomanni, 167 + - 

Mardonius, —402; t -479 at riatiia. 

Marengo, v, iNUO. 

Margaret: of Anjoii. 1445, 1471, 1475, A 14S2 ;* M-, Queen 
of Denmark. Sweden, and Norway, 1387. 

Maria Theresa, 1740 ; Queen of Hungaiy and Archduchess of 



64 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Austria; not Queen of Germany; empress, after her 
husband was elected. 

Marignano, x , 1515. 

Marius, Caius; called third founder of Rome after battle of 
Vercellae; —107, —102, —101, — S8, —87, —80. 

Marlborough (= John Churchill), Duke of, 1702, 1722; bat- 
tles of, 1704, 1700, 1708, 170'J. 

Marseilles, founded by Phoca^ana, —COO. 

Marstou Moor, x , 1644. 

Martel (i. e., the Hammer), Charles, 715 + . 

Martial, A I05 (?). 

Martin I., pope, 649. 

Mary I., Queen of Euj^Iand, 1553. M— II., ICSD, A 1694. 
M— , Queen of Scots, 1M2, deposed 1567, beheaded 1587. 

Maryland, 1634. 

Massacre : Danes in England, 1002 ; Glencoe,* 1692 ; St. Bar- 
tholomew's Day, 1572 ; Sicilian Vespers, set Sicily, 1282 ; 
Thessalonica, 390, 

Master of Knights (= Magister Equitum. lieutenant of a dic- 
tator), first plebeian, —353. 

Matilda, of England, 1130; of Tuscany, A 1115. Geu. Tables 
XXL, VIII. 

Matthias, Emperor, 1613. M— Corvinus Huniadcs, son of 
John Huniades, King of Hungary, 1458-1490. 

Maurice, 582. 

Maxentius, 306. 

Maximian, 236, 305, 306, t 310. 

Maximilian I., 1493; M— II., 1564. 

Maximin, 235, first barbarian emperor; M— II., 305. 

Maximus, 383; M — II., 4o5; also Pupienus. Max., 238. 

Mayors of Palace, Frank, Karling line, 687-752. Gen. Tab. V. 

Mazarin, Cardinal, lfU2, A 1662. 

** Meal-tub Plot," 1679, another imposture. 

Mecca, 929. 

Medes, Media; Table, Cent. —VIII.; —721, —633, -025, 
—615, —558, —164. 

Medici, 1378; Lorenzo, A 1492; his son John, Pope Leo X., 
1513. 

Megalopolis, —370. 

Melanchthon (real name Schwarzcrd), A 1560. 

Merino sheep, note, Cent. XIV. 

Merovings, or Merovingians, Frank kings of line of Clovis, 
486-752; Dagobert I., 622; note. Cent. VII. 

Men-imac, 1862 ; called by the (.'onfederates "Virginia." 

Merseburg, x , 933. 

Mesopotamia, part of Assyrian Empire, Babylonian, Persian, 
etc.; see Karmathians, note. Cent. X. 

Mcssene, Mcssenians; Doric Greeks; —743, —685, — 164, 
— 370, —361 ; Messenian wars are always against Sparta. 

Metaurus, x,— 207; decisive battle of second Punic War. 

Mexico: Cortez conquers, 1519; "War, United States. 1845; 
French usurpation. 1S61. 

♦Middle Ages, variously dated ; in round numbers. 500-1500. 
beginning wth the barbarian possession of W. Europe; 
ending when gunpowder, printing, and maritime discov- 
ery changed warfare, literature, and commerce Some 
say 476-1453, from the fall of the W. Empire to the faU 
of the E. Empire, llallam closes them at 1494. St-e 
Dark Ages. 

Milan : Edict of, 313 ; used as residence by emperors, 286* to 
403 ;* free city in middle ages. 

Miletus, —494. 

Miltiades, A —489, commander at Marathon. 

Milton, John, poet and statesman, A 1674. 

Minden, x, 1759. 

*Mirabeau, French orator and statesman, A 1791, ngt- 42. 

Mississippi: river discovered. 1541; explored, 1682. M- 
scheme, see Law. 



Missouri Compromise. 1820, 1854. 

Mithradates (or Mithridates) Parthia, —174 to —136; M— 

VI., Ponius, —120 to — 63; wars with Kome, —88, —83, 

—74. 
Mitylene, see Pittacus ; — 128, —427. 
Moawiah, first Oramiade caHf, 661. 
Moesia, see Danube ; 81, 453, 454. 660. 
Moguls in India, 1526, 1556; those so called were really 

Turks, different from Mongols, q. v. 
Mohacs, X , 1526. 
Mohammed {= Mahomet; Mahmoud. Mahamed, etc., arc 

the same name), 509, 610, 622, 622-032, Mohammed 

Mehdi, 775. 
Molicre, dramatist, A 1673. 
Mollwitz, X, 1741. 
Mongols, Table, Cent. -VIII., 1206, 1216-1227, 1224, 1236, 

1258. 
Monitor, battle with Merrimac, 1862. 
♦Monks, Monasteries, see Antony, St 
Monmouth's rebellion, 1685. 
Montaigne, A 1592. 
Montesquieu, philosopher, A 1755. 
Montfort, Simon, father, 1 1218; son, t 1265; founder of the 

■" House of Commons.'" 
Montlh6ri, x, 1405. 
Moors, Moorish kingdom ; see Almohades, Aluioravidcs, 

1091,1237,1482-1492; expelled, 1CU9 + . 
Morea (= Peloponnesus), so named about 750 (?),* 1715. 
Morgarten, x,1315. 

Morse telegraph, 1844 ; M— , S. K. B., A 1872.* 
Mortimer, paramour of Queen Isabella, En^ilaud, 1 1320. 
Moscow, burnt, 1812. 
Mozart, musical composer, A 1791. 
Munda, X, — 45. 

Murad (= Amurath) I., Turk, 1359. 
Murat, King of Naples, 1808, 1 1815. 
Musa {= Moses), general, 711 ; Musa al Hadi, 7S5, 
Mycale, d , — i79. 
Myla?, D , —260. 
Mysore, 1761. 



N 



Nabonassar, —747 ; see Era. 

Nabopolassar, — 625. 

Nadir Shah, 1736, 1739. 

Naissus, X , 269. 

Nantes, Edict, 1508, 1685. 

Naples, part of Norman kingdom of Sicily, when taken by 
Charles of Anjou, 1265; France and Si)ain take, 1501; 
Spain gets, 1504; under Spain or Spanish family mostly, 
till it ends. 1800. Murat, king. 1808. Gen. Tab. XVII. 

Napoleon I,, Bonaparte: first campaign. 1796 ; consul 1802, 
emperor 1S05; marriage to Austrian princess Maria 
Louisa, 1810 ; to Elba, 1814; beaten, Waterloo, 1815 ; to 
St Helena; A 1821. N— III.. 1851. 1870, A 1873 N- 
II., son of N— I., never reigned ; A 1832.* 

Narbonne, 759. 

Narses, 538, 570. 

Narva, x, 1700. 

Nflseby, x. 1645. 

♦Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, led mob to murder Gracchus, 
—133. Gen. Tab.. Cent. —II. 

Naupactus, —217. 

Navarino, o, 1827. 

Navarre, kingdom rises, 858. Henry III. of Navarre be- 
comes Henry IV. of France, 1589; but Ferdinand V. 
had taken Spanish Navarre, 1512.* 



65 



ANALYTICAL INDKX TO TIIK HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



421. 1 -413.+ 



Navigation Act, 1C5I, English. 

Nebuchadnczzfir, —004 to — riOl ; insane, after — DO'J.* 

Necho, Pharaoli, — HIO ; see AlVica. 

Negro slavery, in United States, 1G19; se^; Abolition. 

Nelson, Horatio: Nile, 1798; Copenhagen, ISUI ; Trafalgar, 

t 1S05. 
Nci)o.s, Julius, 474. 
Nero, 54, W, etc.; Oen. T:ib., Cent. I. 
Norvft, 1)5; first of " Good Eniporore." 
Netherlands, liJliO, 103o, ItJDy ; tiec Holland, Dutch. Celgiuxn, 

Flanders. 
Neville's Cross, x , 134G. 
New Amsterdam. 1G14. 
*Ne\v England: settlements, etc., Cent. XVII., second page 

of it. 
New Netherlands (= New York), IGtU. 
New Orleans, x, 1>>15. 
New Style, IIJS'2 in Catholic countries, calling October ntli the 

15th ; in England, 11b2, calling September 3d the Utli. 
New Te.stjinient, Wielif's. 1380. 
New York = New Amsterdam or New Netheriaiuls, which 

nee. 
Newton, Sir If*aar, scientist, A 1727. 
Ney, Marshal,! lsl5. 
Nicita = Nice, bchuc. 
Nicator = Seleucu.s I., — 312. 
NJco {= Nicica), 2:>S, 325, 1007. 
Nicci»horus, Phocas, \}&i. 
Nicholas, Czar, 1825. 
Nicias, Athenian general and politician, 
Nicopolis, X , 1306. 
Niebuhr, li. G., historian, A 1831. 
Nile, D, 1708. 

Nmiegucn, Nimwegcn, 1G78. 
Nineveh, — G25, capital of Assyria. 
Nismes, 1G20. 
NonUinpen, x , 1G:M, 1G15. 
Normandy, Normans, Table, Cent, 

Cent IX. In France, 845, sTiG, 

In Italy. 1020, lit4(l, lorKl, loril-H.iT2 ; sec Sicily. In Eng- 
land, lilOG. Kobert the Devil, 1035. 
Northanii.tiin, x, 1400. 
Northern Alliance, IGOO; northern powers, 1700, IT'-O (i.e., 

Denmark, Sweden. Norway, and Kussia). 
Northmen, pirates or settlers from the Baltic and Norway; 

see Danes. Normandy. Those who settled in Normandy 

were the Normons, 
Norway, see Calmar, Margaret, Northern. 
Novgortid, SG2 ; a great free rei)Ublican city in 14110 ;* joined 

llanse Loagno. 
Nullification, 1.832. 
Numantia, — 133. 
Nnraerian, 2S3. 
*N\miidia, country of Jugurtha, which see, 

O 

Ochus, —350. 

Octavius, Octavianus, *tt Augustus. 

Odenatus, 2G4. 

Odo = Eudes, 8SS. 

Odoaccr, 47G-4i)3. 

(Enophyta. x , — 45G. 

Ogulnian Law. -300. 

Olnf I., Trygvason. King of Norway, attaeks London, 004. 

*01iva, see Peace. 

Olybrins, 472. 

Olympiad : a i)oriod of four year.' between celebrations of 



— VIII.; i)iracies. note, 
861, 885, 912. 1203-1214. 



Olympic g:uncs, which began regularly in 77lJ li. c. Era 

of Olympiads began then. 
Olympic games, ttee Olympiads ; abohshed, 804, 
Olynthian War, Sparta vs. Olyathus, —382. 
Omar, G34. 

Ommiades, GGl ; in Spain, 755; see Califs. 
Opium War, 1839. 
Origen, 253. 
Orleans, x, 1429. Houses of Orleans: 1. Branch of Valois, 

from wliicli was Louis XII.. 140S; 2. liranch of liour- 

bons, from which was Louis Philippe. ISJO. 
Ostracism, an Athenian mode of exiling, for ten years only, a 

defeated political leader ; n<;f properly banishment, which 

was for crime ; —482, — 471, — 4G1 ; it was used less than 

a century. 
Ostrogoths, see Giiths. 453, 475,-489. 508, 535-553. 
Othman, emir, 1288;* independent of Iconium (q. v.), 1200; 

0—, the CaUf, G44. See Ottoman Turks. 
Otlio, Roman Emperor, GO. Of Germany; Otho {= Otto) I.. 

O.SG, 951, 955, 901, 9G2 ; O— XL, 973; O— IIL, 083; O— 

IV.. 1108.1214. 
Ottoman Turks, those following Othman (uhove) and his suc- 
cessors; 1200, 1^43: 1359. 1380; 1401,1402; 1444; take 

Constantinoplo, 1453; Solyman (= Solomon), 1520; 

highest power, about 1550; 1517; get Uhodes, 1522; 

152G, 1571. 1573; 1G45. IGOO; IG82, 1G83; 1715-1718. 

1723, war with Persia; 1827, 187G; Greek revolt, 1S21- 

1830. 
Oudenarde, x, 1708. 
Ovid. A 18. 

Oviedo, city and kingdom, 718. 
Oxford: university, 688; parliament, 1258. 



Pacific, Drake's exploration, 1578, 1579. 

Pacification of Nisnics, 1G20. 

Paganism : restored, 361 ; abolished, 3>5. 

Paine. Thomas, political writer, A 1809. 

Palestine ; Sie Crusades, Syria, Judaa, Jews, Jerusalem. 

Palmyra, 254. 

Pandects, 52S-533. 

Pannonia, 52G, 5G8. 

Panormus, x,— 250. 

Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot, A 1^07. 

Papacy, see Popes. First ])apal territory, 755 ; height of 

j)ower, 1200; secular authority affirmed by the bull 

" Uiiam Sauctam," 1-303; moved to Avignon, 1300 till 

I37G ; '* the Groat Schism,'' 1378-1420. 
Paper (invention brought west by Saracens), note, Cent. 

XIV. 
Papinian, + 21*2. 
Paris : Northmen attack or take, 845, 856, 8G1, 885 ; Pence of, 

ntVJ ; Germans take, 1S71. P— was not generally the 

royal residence before Hugh Capet. 
Parliament: see Lords, Montfort ; 1248; 12G6; time of Ed- 
ward III.; the Long Parliament, IGUMG.''.;?; war r«. 

king. 1G42+ ; House of Lords abolished, 1610, till Charles 

II.; reform, lSi2. 
Parthia. —255, —174, -51, —53, —40, —36; 63, 115, 117, 

IGl, IGG, 105 ; 226, ends. 
Partition, see Poland. 
Pascal, Blaise, philosophL-r, etc., A 1G62. 
Passau. Peace, 1552. 
I^itay, X , 1420. 
Patrick. St., s,f about 4G0. 
Paul. St.. t OS. 
Pavia, Lombard capital, 572;* battle, 1525. 



66 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Peace: see Alliance, Coalition, League, Pacification, Prag- 
matic Sanction, Treaty, Truce. Of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1668,* France and Spain settle territory. 17-18; Amiens, 
1802; Arras, 1435; Brctigny, 1300; liruudusium, —40; 
Callias, in Theban War, —872 ; Cambray, 1.V20 ; Cateau 
Cambresis, 1559; Cimou, —449; Coustnuee, 1183; Cres- 
py, 1^44 ; " False peace " in Peloponnesian War = truce 
of Nicias, —421; Ghent, 1814; Hubertsburfr, 17(J3; 
Ladies', 1629; Luneville,* ISOl, French Kcpublic and 
Empire; Naupactus, — 217 ; Nismes, 1629; Ollva,* 1660, 
on Swedish succession, territory, independence of Prus- 
sia, between Sweden, Poland, Empire, and Brandenburg ; 
Paris, 1763 ; to settle results of French Kevolution and 
Napoleon's wars,* 1814, 1815, 1817; 1856,* ends Crimean 
"War; Passau, 1552; Pyrenees, 1659 ; Kyswick, 1697; 
"Thirty Tears'," —445; Til-sit, 1607; Utrecht, 1713; 
Verdun, 843 ; Versailles,* 1783, closing wars of American 
Independence; Vervains, 1598; Westphalia, 1648. 

Peasants' Insurrections: England, 1381; France, 1358; Ger- 
many, 1525. 

Pelasgic, Table, Cent. — VIII. (Means there the common an- 
cestry of Greeks and Latins.) 

Pelayo, 718. 

Pelopidas, Theban general, A —863. 

Peloponnesus (modernly Moroa, q. v.) ; seii Sparta, and other 
countries; —431 to —404; —879 to —361 ; —870, etc.; 
396. 

Pelusiuni, —098 ; x , —625. 

Peninsular: Italy, — 205; war, 1808; canijiaign. United 
States, 1662. 

Penn, William, 1082. 

Pepin, d'lloristal, 687 ; Pepin tlic Short, 741, 752, "M, 75.5, 
759. 

Percy Kebellion, 1403. 

Pergamus, —133; kingdom founded,* —289. 

Periander, —627, Table, Cent. —VI. 

Pericles, —461, —429. 

Persecutions: Table of Ten, Cent. II. Frequent from the 
Keformation onward, especially 1085: see Toleration, 
Albigenses, Christians, Arians, Torcjuemada. 

Perseus, —197. 

Persia, Persians, Table, Cent. —VIII.; founded, —558; see 
Centuries following to —380 ; —52.5, —513, —508 ; great 
war with Greeks, —501, —600, —494; —492 to —449, 
many events; — 401, — 399 to —387; war with Ale.van- 
der, —384 to —831 ; kings, —558 to —330. Parthia gets 
the territory about —104.* Persia and Kome, 226, 231, 
266, 284, 330, 363, 372 ; 624, 540, 571, 603-628 ; takes .Jeru- 
salem, 614 ; Heraclius invades, 622; taken by Saracens, 
632-651 ; Turks, 1038; 1723, 1736. 

Pertinox, 193. 

Peru, 1631. 

Pescennius Niger, 1 194, rival of Septimius. 

Peter the Great, 1682; the Hermit, 1115; St. Peter's church 
begun 1506. finished 1614. 

Peterwardein, x,1716. 

Petition of Eight, 1628. 

Petrarch, 4 1374. 

Pharsalia, x , — 48. 

Phidias, —482. 

Phidon (Pbcidon), -780. 

Philip: of M.ieedon, P— II., —3.59; P— V., — 220: Kome, 
244; Germany, 1198; France. P— I.. 1060; P— II., 
1180, 1189, 1203-1214; P— III., 1270; P- IV., 1385, 
1296-1803; P— V., 1;SI«; P— VI., l:?2s: Louis PhiUppc. 
1830+ ; Spain and Netherlands, P— II., \WM \ ; North 
American Indian, 1675. 

Philippi. — 42. 



Philipoemen, —168, + —182. 

PhocEeans, — 660. 

Phocas, 602 ; Nicophorus P— , 968. 

Phoeian Sacred War, —367. 

Phocion, —817. 

Phtenicia. Table, Cent. — VIII.; note, same century; note 
under Sargon; note, Cent. — VII. ; set; Tyre, Carthage. 

*Photius, politician, learned voluminous writer. Patriarch of 
Constantinople ; helped to mako the rupture between 
the Greek and Koman Churches, 807 ; A &90 (?). 

Pindar (Theban), —443. 

Pirates: Pompey's War, — 67; Danish and Nonnan, Cent. 
IX.; of Algiers, 1618, 1817. 

Pisa, flourishing city by 978;* pains Sardinia and Corsica, 
1050; constant wars with Genoa; loses independence, 
taken by Florence, 1406.* 

Pisistratus, see Ilippias ; —560 to —527. 

Pitt, William (son of Pitt, Lord Chatham, who A 1778). states- 
man, A 1806. 

Pittacus, Table, Cent. VI. 

Pius II., A 1464; see Popes. 

Placentia, 1095. 

Plague: Athens, —430 ; P.oman Empire, 100+ ; Italy, 1340, 
1348; London, 1848, 1065. 

Plantagenets : English royal family, 11.54; York and Lan- 
caster were branches. Gen. Tables XXI., XXII. 

Plassey, x , 1757. 

Plata'a, x , ^79 ; —429, ^27. 

Plato, -847. 

Plebeians (all Romans who were not of certain families called 
patrician; these latter at first had all political power), 
—493, —363, —353, —816, -839, -33.5, -300; the dis- 
tinction rapidly became unimportant from —300. 

Pliny, the Elder, 79; the Younger, 110. 

"Plots": gunpowder, 1600; popish, 1673; Meal-tub, 1670; 
Rye-house, 1683. 

Plutarch, A 121. 

Plymouth, Mass., 1620. 

Poitiers, x, 1356. 

Poland, Poles: Table, Cent. —VIII. Rise. 6.50, Casimir. 
1833; Louis, great kingdom. 1:170; Varna, 1444; Sigis 
mund, height of power, 1506; Prussia independent. 16.57; 
Sobieski, 1674, 1683; Election War, 1733; imrtitions, 
1772, 1793,1795; insurrection, 1830. 

Pollenti.1, X , 408. 

Polo, Marco, Venetian, A 1324. 

Polybius. A —124. 

Pompadour, Marchioness, mistress of Louis XV., of great 
political influence, A 1764. 

Pompeii, 79 ; discovered and dug out, from 1721* onward. 

Pompey. —67, —65, —63, -CO, —43; Soxtus P— , —.39, —30 

Pontiac'8 conspiracy, 1763. 

Pontiffs, plebeian, —300. 

Pontius, Cains, Samnite, — 292. 

Pontus, see Mithradates, 

Pope, Alexander, poet, A 1744. 

Pope, title of the Bishop of Rome, who became head of West- 
ern or Roman Church ; not limited to them till after 606 ; 
see Papacy, Church, etc. Popes in wars. 10.53. 1.50S, 1510, 
1571. Notable Popes: Leo I.,* 440-461. ambitious, able; 
Gregory I., 590-604; Boniface III., 607: Theodorua I., 
642-049; Martin I., 649-654: Gregory 11. against Emp. 
Leo III. in Iconoclast (q. v.) controversy; Gregory III., 
731-741, same controversy; Stephen III., first territorial 
prince, 752-767; Leo III.,* 795-816, crowned Charle- 
m.agne; .John XII.,* the Infamous, 9.56-963: Leo IX., 
1049-1054, fought Normans: good pope, Gregory VII., 
Ilildebrand, 1073-1085; Urban II., I»S«-1009, started 



67 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



cnisades; Adrian IV.* ll.'>4-nr)9, haughty, the ouly 
English pope; Alexander III.,* lt*arued, able, opposed 
Frederick Barbarossa, nSli-llSl; Innocent III., 119s- 
1216, guardian of Frederick II., opposed Philip Augus- 
tus and John, condemned Magna Charta, most power- 
ful of all popes ; Honorius III., I'216-r227, urged crusade 
r«. Albigenses; Gregory IX., 12'27-1'2-11, struggle with 
Frederick II., more crusades. 

Innocent IV., 12-43-1254, struggle with Frederick II. 
and Conrad IV.; Boniface VIII.. 1294-1303, bull Vmim 
Sanctam, struggle with Philip IV.; Clement V.,* 1305- 
1314, carried jiapacy to Avigimn, persecuted the Tem- 
plars ; John XXU.,* 1316-1334, politician, active; Greg- 
ory XI.,* 1370-1378, went back to Kome from Avignon, 
condemned Wiclif; Pius II., 145S-14t>4, scholar, diplo- 
matist ; Ale.xander VI., Borgia, 1492-1503. profligate, in- 
human, unscrupulous; Julius II., 1503-1513, great poli- 
tician, began St. Peter's; Leo X.. 1513-1521, prodigal, 
magnificent, indirectly caused the Eeformation ; Pius 
V..* 156tJ~1572, had been Grand-Inquisitor, persecutor, 
haughty, severe ; Gregoiy XIII., 1572-15S5, learned, 
zealous, reformed calendar; Si.xtus V., 15S5-1 590, vigor- 
ous, politician, and politic, patron of learning, public 
works; Clement XIV., Ganganelli, 17t)9-l775. hberal. 
suppressed Jesuits; Pius VII.,* 1800-1^23, captive to 
Napoleon, revived Jesuits; Pius IX.,* 1846, reigning now. 
of excellent cliaracter, first who has filled tUo i)Iaco mnro 
than twenty-five years. 

Observe, the best popes are likely to be least notable, 
hence not listed. 

"Popish plot" (an imposture), 1673. 

Porphyrogenitus = Constantino VII., 911. 

Portugal: 1139; Emanuel I., 1495-1521 ; colonies, 1550, 1595, 
1602. Si)ain seizes Portugal, 15S0-1640 ; Lisbon earth- 
quake. 1755 ; P— in Seven Years' War, see 1703 ; France 
seizes, 1S07; Brazil separated, 1S26; King Pedro I. abdi- 
cated Portugal, taking Brazil himself. 

Pom.?, —326. 

Postumus, 259. 

Potatoes (an American vegetable), 1556. 

Prfetor (a judge, by Licinian law of —363), —335. Pretorian 
Guard, formed by Augustus ; in Rome, 26 ; sells empire. 
193; dissolved, 312. 

Pragmatic Sanction, 1713. 

Prague, x, 1620; x, 1757 

Pretender: first, James Stuart, A 1765; second. Charles Ed- 
ward,* A 1785; fter Civil Wars, England. Gen. Tab. 
XXIII., Simnel. Warbeck. 

Priestley. Joseph, scientist, philosopher, A 1S04. 

Printing, 1436. 

Probus. 276. 277. 

Procopius, 365. 

"ProRcription," —S3 ; term first used then. 

" Protector," Duke of York, 1454 ; Cromwell, 1653. 

Protestants, Protestantism, 1529. 1531, 1552; 1560,1572,1685. 
See Eeformation, Toleration, Persecutions, etc. 

Provence, —121 ; 50S, 536; kings: Charles, So5; Boson, 879; 
joined to Burgundy. 933. 

Prussia, Prussians. (Oriirinally a small district on the Baltic 
hehl by the Borussi, Slavonians ; conquered by the Teu- 
tonic Knights, beginning 1230.) Table, Cent. —VIII. ; 
first duke, Albert of Brandenburg. 1525; falls to Bran- 
denburg, 1618;* Great Elector of Brandenburg. ll>40 ; 
P— independent of Poland, 1657; a kingdom, 1701 (so 
called because the Emperor would not allow title " King 
of Brandenburg"); line of kings, fourth from top in 
Charts of Cent. XVIU., XIX.; other dates. 1740-1742. 
1756,1757,1763,1772,1793,1795; lol5, Waterloo and Holy 



Alliance; 1866; in Franco-Gennan War of 1S7I ; King 
of Prussia is to be German Emperor, hereditarily. 

Psamatik (= Psammetichus) I., — C&4 ; P— II., —594 ; P— 
III. or Psammenitus. — 525, for six months. 

Ptolemy I., Lagi, — 312 ; all his Une took this name. Ptole- 
my of Alexandria, astronomer, 161. 

'' Public Good," see League ; War, 1465. 

Publilian law, —470 ; gave power to plebeians, which were 
predominant in tribes. 

Pulcheria, regent 408, empress 450. 

Fultawa, x , 1709. 

Punic {= Carthaginian) Wars,— 264, —218, — 1J9. 

Pupienus Maximus, 238. 

Pyramids (built somewhere from 1100 to 3500 years b. c, ac- 
cording to different scholars), x, 1798. 

Pyrenees, Peace of, 1659. 

Pyrrhus. —287 to —272. 



Q 



Quadi, l'?0. 

Quebec, taken 1759. 

" Queen Anne's War," 1702. 

Quintilian, A 118. 

R 

Rabelais, A 1553. 

Kaces, Table of. Cent. —VIII. 

Racine. John, jtoet, dnamatist, A 1699. 

Badegast (= Kadagaisus), 405. 

Batraelle (^ Raphael), A 1520. 

Railway, Manchester; first one successfully using locomo- 
tives, 1^30. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 15S4,t lOlS. 

Ramillies. x , 1706. 

Ravenna, 403 ; ete Exarchate. 

Reform, Parliamentary, 1832; suffrage, 1867. 

Reformation, 1517. 

Regifuge(= expulsion of kings), Roman, —510. 

Regulus, — 250, — 255; story of his death a fiction. 

Reign of Terror (French Revolution), 1793. 

ReHgious Wars: see Sacred Wars, Ilug-nenots, Piotesfants; 
Hussite, 1419; in France,15G0, 1615; (Jerniany, 1546. 

ReuchHn. A 1522, 

♦■■Return of the Heraclidie," invasion and si-ttlement of tho 
Pcloi)onnesu8 by the Dorian Greeks, before dated his- 
tory. 

Revolts, Revolutions ; generally see other titles. American, 
1775 ; French. 1789, 1830 (called " the Three Days' Revo- 
lution'"), 1>>48; "the Glorious Revolution," 1688. 

Rhode Island, 1C36. 

Rhodes (Doric people in Greek history), 653, 1124, 1307. 
1522. 

Rice. 1702. 

Richard I., England, 1189, 1191. 1192, 1199 ; R— II., 1377; 
R— III., 1483; R— of Cornwall, Emperor, 1257; R— . 
Duke of York, 1435, 14M, 1460. 

RichcHeu, Cardinal, 1624-1(542. 

Richter, '-Jean Paul," humorist, etc., A 1825. 

Ricimcr, 456. 

Rienzi, 1347. 

Right, Petition of. 1628. 

Robert I.. France, 922 ; R— II., 996; R— , Count Palatine 
and Emperor, 1400; R— the Strong, 866 ; R— the Devil, 
Duke ot Normandy, 1035. 

Robespierre, 1793, 1 1794. 

Kochelle, 162'^. 

Rocroy, x , 1<>43. 



68 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



Eoli; or EoUo, note, Cent. IX.; 911, 912 ; Btayed in France 
from 876.* 

Komans : se^ Rome. King of Romans, title of Einperor-elect, 
in line of Germany, ujitil crowned; first used by Henry 
II. ; dropped for title of "Emperor-elect" by Maximilian 
I. Roman Church : sec Church ; in present time called 
Roman Catholic Church. Roman Era, — T53. Roman 
Regifuge, — 510. 

Romanus I., 919 ; R- 11., 959 ; R— IV., 1071. 

Rome, the city, -387, Gauls take ; fire. 64 ; ceases to be 
capital (.s"ed Milan and Constantinople), 330; sacked, 410, 
455 ; taken, retaken, diswalled, 536, M6, 647, 549 ; 
stormed by Bourbon's Germans, 1527. 

Rome, the state. Events on all Charts from 500 b. o. onward, 
to 476 A. D. ; the Eastern Empire thereafter, to 1453, 
called itself Roman Empire ; so did the Empire in Ger- 
many, See other titles. 

Romulus, mythical founder of Rome ; Romulus " Augustu- 
ius," 475, 470. 

Roncesvalles, x,77?. 

Roses, "Wars, 1455-14S5 (York, white ; Lancaster, red). 

Rossbach, x, 1757. 

Roima, see Iconium, 

Roxana, —311. 

Rubens, painter, A 1640. 

Rudolf: Transjurane Burgundy (Gen. Tab. VI.), SSS ; 
France, 923 ; of Swabia, rival Emperor, 1077 ; R — of 
Hapsburg, 1273 ; R— II., 1576 (Gen. Tables IX., X.). 

Rurik, 86-2. 

Russell, Lord William, 10^^. 

Russia, Russians : Table, Cent. —VIII.; 862,904, 971, 1224; 
Czar Peter, 10S3 ; line of Czars, 1801+ ; 1700, 1709, 1721, 
1733; partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 ; 1807, 1S12 ; 
1S15, Holy Alliance; 1827, 1859. War with Turkey, 
1877. See Northern Powers, etc., Moscow, Mongols. 

Rye-llouse Plot, 16>3. 

Ryswick, Peace, 1697. 

S 

Sacred Wars, Greek, —GOO {Crissa^an), —357 (Phocian), —839 
(Locrian). 

Sadowa, x, 18G6. 

Sadyattes, —637, Lydia. 

Saguntum, —219. 

Saint , referring to a person, see the name of the person. 

St. Albans, x,1455; x, 1461. 

St. Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of Protestants, 1572. 

St. Jacob's, X , 1444. near Basel or Basle. 

St. John, see Knights. 

St. Peter's Church, begun 1506, finished 1614. 

St. Quentin, x, 1557. 

Saladin, 1171, 1187, 1191, 1192. 

Salamis, Island in bay near Athens, □ , — 4S0. 

Samarcand, in Tartary, 980. 

Samnite Wars, —840, —323, —298 to —290. 

Sanction, Pragmatic, 1713. 

Sapor I., 260, captures Valerian; S— II., A 8S0, king from 
his birth, seventy-one years. 

Saracens, at first Arabians; then the people forming the 
political power which began with Mohammed's Arabians 
and incorporated other nations; they break into various 
independent nations; and their lands are occupied, in 
the East by Turks chiefly ; 1h the West, by Moors. See 
Califs, Abassides, Ommiades, Fatimiles, Crusades, Otto- 
man Turks, Seljuk Turks, Mohammed, .Vlmohadcs, Almo- 
ravides, Moors, Granada. Take Syria, 632+; Egypt, 
639; Persia, 632+ ; North Africa, 647+ ; Cyprus, 648; 



Rhodes, 653 ; Syracuse, 669, 878 ; destroy Carthage, 698; 
take Armenia, 693; attack Constantinople, 66S + , 716- 
718 ; peace with Eastern Empire, 677 ; in Africa, Turkis- 
tan, India, 705, 706, 712; Spain and France, 711, 713, 
732 ; lose Narbonne, 759 ; civil wars, 737+, 743+ ; Crete, 
823 ; Sicily, 827, 878 ; break up from 800 ; lose Crete and 
Syria, 9G2. Princes of Saracen Spain, 755, 900-1031. 
Golden Age of letters, etc.: East, 760-820; West, 950- 
1000. 

Saracus, — 647. 

Saragossa, 1113. 

Sardauapalus, —667. 

Sardinia, Rome takes, —238; Pisa, 1050; kingdom (under 
house of Savoy, who gave Sicily for it), 1720; 1859. 

Sardis, -554, —500. 

Sargou, —721, and note near his Hne. 

Sarmatians (Slavonians), 322, 332. 

Sassanids, Persian dynasty, 226-651. 

Savonarola, Jerome, 1 1498. 

Savoy, 1625 ; grew from a county in 1050,* to a dukedom in 
1416,* a kingdom (with Sicily) in 1713;* see Sai-dinia and 
Gen. Tab. XXVI. 

Saxons, Table, Cent. —VIII. Saxons enter Britain, 449; con- 
quer it. Seven kingdoms, lleptarchy {see that), notes, 
Centuries VI. and Vll.; become Enfjlinh. Saxons in 
W. Germany, conquest by Charlemagne, 775, 7h5. Dukes 
of Saxony: line of Emperor.s, 919-1024; another, 1125. 

Saxony, King Lewis, S76 ; dukes, 919, 1125, 1178. 

Scanderbeg, 1467, see Castriot. 

Scandinavians, Table, Cent. — VIII. Scandinavian nations, 
Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, to have one king, 1S97. See 
Northern Powers, etc. 

Schiller, Frederick, poet, A 1805. 

♦Scinde = Sinde, q. v. 

Scipios : Gen. Tab., Cent. II., -218 to —211 ; S— Afric^nus, 
—209, —204, —202, —\^i. 8— yEmilianus, took Car- 
thage, —146, and Numantia, —133, A —129. 

Scotch League and Covenant, 1638. 

Scotland, Scots, Scotch, etc. Macbeth, 1039+ ; Edward takes, 
1293+ ; Wallace, 1305; Bruce, Bannockburn, 1314; freed, 
1328 ; wars again, 1832, 1333 ; Flodden, 1518; Quf-n Mary, 
1542; Protestantism prevails, 1560; in civil war, 1644, 
1650; League, 1638; union, 1707. Gen. Tab. XXIX. 

Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, A 1832. 

Scythians, —644, —508. 

Secession, first Plebeian at Rome, ^492 ; Secession War in 
the United States, 1861-1865. 

Secular Celebration of Rome, 248. 

Sejanus, 23-31. 

Seleucida?, line of descendants of Seleucus I.; kings of SjTia; 
end —65. 

Seleucus I., —312 ; in battle of Issus, —301, t —280. 

Seljuk, a Turk, 980; becomes leader of Seljukian Turks; 
their conquests, 102S, 1044, 1055; 1065,1071,1076; kings, 
1037-1092. 

Sellasia, x, —221. 

Semitic, Table, Cent. —VIII. ; see Ilamitic, above. 

Sempach, x, 1886. 

Seneca, t 65. 

*SenIac. battle, = Hastings, 10C6. 

Sennacherib, — 705 to — 680. 

Sentinura. x, —295. 

Septiniius Severus, 193-211, sundry events; Table, Cent. II. 

Seraparum, temple of Serapis, 890. 

Sertorian War, —81 to —72. 

Serbia, Servians; Table, Cent. —VIII. Servian Revolt, com- 
ing into Russo-Turkish War, 1876. 

Servile Wars, Roman Sicily, —134, — 104. 



69 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTOKICAL CHARTS. 



*Servius Tullius, Koman king;, contemporary with Solon, 

probably. 
Beven Weeks' War, ISCC; Seven Wise Men, Table, Cent. 

—VI.; Seven Years' War, 1756. 
Severus, four emperors, l'.i.3, 'l'2'l^ 305, 461. 
Shakspere (= Shakespeare), Wilham, dramatist, 1616. 
Shalmaneser IV., — 727. 
Shiloh, X , 1S6-2. 
Ship-money Controversy, 1634. 
Shrewsbm-y, x , 1403. 

Sicily, Sicilian : Greek colonization, Cent. —Till. ; wars, 
—ISO; —415 to —418, — 40i); —344, Timoleon; -SIT, 
—278 ; first Pnnic War, —263, —250, — 24S ; this war was 
there chiefly ; in second Punic War, —214, and after- 
ward; servile wars, —134, —1*4. Saracens from Spain 
attack, take, 827, 878 ; Eastern Empire, lO^iS ; Normans, 
1061-1072; kingdom, 1130; Hohenstaufeus get it, 1186; 
Anjou seizes it, 1265 ; " Sicilian Vespers " (= vespers of 
Palermo), massacre of French, 12^2; Aragon obtains 
Sicily, held thenceforth moslly by Spain or the Spanish 
royal family till 1860; joined with Naples as Kingdom of 
Two Sicilies. House of Savoy held it 171:3-1720. See 
Naples, Syracuse, etc. Gen. Tables VIII., XI. 
Sicyon, — 251, a Doric city. 
Sidney, Algernon, 16s;3, in Kye-House Plot ; grand-nephew 

of Sir Philip Sidney. 
Sigismund of Bohemia-Luxemburg. King of Hungary, 1387 ;* 
beaten by Turks at Nicopolis, 1;106; emperor, 1410; 
King of Bohemia, 1419 ;• A 1437; Sigismund I., Poland, 
1.500-1548. 
Silesia, 1742. 
Silistri.1, x,971. 
Silk-culture, 555 ; $ei' p. 13. 

Simeon Stylitcs, A 460; hved forty years, day and night, on 
the tops of pillars of diHcrent heights ; had imitators ; 
is called St. Simeon. 
Simnel, s^e Imposture. 

Sindo {= Scindo), land on the lower part of the Indus, 18-13. 
Sixtus v., 15S5; sfa Popes. 

Slaverj- : that for debt abolished at Rome, - 315 ; negro, in 
the United St^ites, 101!), 1808, 1836. 1865 ; at Algiers, 
1817; sl.ave-tr.ide, 1807,1808; in British Empire, abol- 
ished, 1834, 18:38. 
Slavic, Slavonians, Table, Cent. —VIII. See nations sepa- 
rately. 
Smalcald (Schmalkald), League, 1531. 
*Smerdis (= Gomates, real name), —522. 
Smith, Ecv. Sydney, humorist, critic, A 1845. 
Smyrna, — G'20. 

Sobieski, John, King of Poland, 1674, 1683. 
Social War (1. e., war with recent allies), Athens, -357; 

Rome, —90. 
Socrates, + —899. 
Sogdianus (or Secydianus), — 125. 
Soissons, X . 486. 
Solferino, x , 18r)9. 

♦Soliman = Solyman; also, Suleiman or Solomon. 
Solon, —594, —558; Table, Cent. —VI.; -vvisest of ancient 

legislators. 
Solyman II., 1520. 
Sophocles. — 405. 

South-Sea Bubble, 1720 ; set' Bubble. 

Spain, Spaniards, Spanish: Table, Cent. —VIII. Cartha- 
ginian period, —236,-218,-209; Roman times. —149, 
—143, —SI, —27 to —19 ; barbarians, 256,409; Visigoths 
{acf that), 414, 604,711; Saracens (fiee Omniiades), 711, 
718, 737, 755, 778, 900-1000, 1031 ; nee now Asturias, Leon, 
Castile, Ar.agon, Moors, etc. ; 1072, 1084, 1091, Ills ; s,v 



Portugal, 1139 ; 1157, 1230, 12.37, 1282; Ferdinand, 1474, 
1601, 1504, 1508 ; many wars. Cent. XVI., Charles V., King 
of, and Philip II, ; seized Portugal, 1580-1040, see Armada, 
Netherlands, Holland, Dutch; Moors expelled, 1609 ; in 
Cent. XVII., many wars, England and France ; Spanish 
Succession, war, 1701 (Gen. Tab. XXXI.); in wars. Cent. 
XVni., 1733, 1740, 1766, and in War of the American 
Revolution, 1779;* King Joseph, ISOS; Spanish America 
revolts, 1810 ; revolution, 1866; Queen Isabella expelled; 
Alfonso returns as king, 1875.* Gen. Tables XL, XII. 

Sparta, city ; same as Laceda-mon : chief Doiian state, note, 
— 800; —743, —685, and in Greek history constantly, 
Centuries —V. and —IV., till — 361. Reforms and down- 
fall, —244, —227, —226, —221, —188. Spartan-Persian 
War, —399, becomes the Corinthian, —394. 

Spartacus, — 73. 

Spectacles, note, Cent. XIV. 

Spenser, Edmund, A 1598. 

Sphacteria, — 125 (same place as Navarino). 

Spinning-machinery, 1707. 

Spires (Spcyer), Diet, 1520. 

Spoleto, Guy, and Lambert, 888, 894. Gen. Tab. V. 

Spurius Cassius. .see Cassius. 

Stael, Madame de, author, A 1817. 

Stamp Act, 1765. 

Star-chamber, 1025; an ancient court revived with arbitrary 
l>ower by Henry VII., 1487;* abolished, 1641.* 

States-General of France, met 1789; last previous meetings, 
1589,* 1614.* 

Steamboat, Fulton's, first successful one, 1807. 

Steam-engine, perfected 1782, by Watt. 

Stephen III., 7.55, «ee Popes ; St. S— , Hungary, 997; of Eng- 
land, llS.'i. 

Stei)heuson, George, inventor of our locomotive-engine, A 
1848; see Railway. 

Stilicho, 39.5, 396, t 4US. 

Strabo, A 24. 

Strafford, + 1C41. 

Stuart family to English throne, 1603 ; deposed and banished 
1688, exce])t Mary H. and Anne; rebellions to replace 
them, 1715, 1745 ; see Pretender. 

Style, see Calendar. 

Stylitcs, see Simeon. 

Succession: Clcve, 1609; Spani.'^h, 1701; Austrian, 1740; 
Polish, 17!33. 

Suetonius, 120. 

Sueves, Suevi, 405, 406, 409, 584. 

Suffrage, reform, England, 1867 ; Amendment, United States 
(Constitution, 1870. 

Sulla (Sylla), —88, —86, —S3, -79, A —78. 

Sully, Duke of, minister of Henry IV., A 1641. 

Swabiii, Dukes of, make Hohenstaufen line, 1133-)-. 

Sweden, see Scandinavians, Calmar, Northern. King Gusta- 
vus Vas.i, 1.523; Gustavus Adolphus, 1611, 1032 ; in Thir- 
ty Years' War, 1631. 1632, 1634 ; wars of Charles XII., 
1699, 1700-1721; 1700, 1709; loses Finland, 1748; in 
Seven Years' War, 1756. Gen. Tab. XXVI I. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, scientist, theologian, seer, A 1772. 

Sweyn, King of Denmark, 985-1018; attacks England, 994 ; 
conquers it, 1003-1013. 

Swift, Jonathan, satirist, A 174,5. 

Swiss, Switzerland, 1308, 181,5, 1386, 1444. 

Syagrius, 486, Roman governor in Gaul. 

Sylvester II., see Gerbert. ' 

Syracuse, see Sicily; —786, —480, —415, —263, -214 ; 069, 
878, 

Syria, see Saracens, Asia, Crusades, Seleueida>, etc., — 705, 
—017, —0.5, —40 ; 161, 622, 632, 962, 1401. 



70 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE DISTOKICAL CHARTS. 



Tacitus, historian, A IIS ; emperor, 275. 

Tuberites, 813, S'>0. 

Talleyrand, diplomatist, A 1838. 

Tamerlane = Timur. 

Tanagra, x , — 457. 

Tancred, 1112. 

Tarentine War, —280. 

Tarik, 711. 

*Tarquins, Roman kings about — C21 to —578; and —634 to 

— 5in. 
Tasso, Torquato, A 1595. 
Tatars (true loriii of Tartars), Tatary, or Tartary ; Tabic, 

Cent. — VIII. Mongols in, sec Zinghis ; Timur, lUfiS. 
Teias, 552. 

Telegraph, Morse's electric, 1S44. 
"Tempest, miraculous," 174. 
Terence, — 159. 
Terror, Keign of, 1793. 
Tost Act, 1073. 
Testament, see Bible. 
Testry, x , 6S7. 
Tetricus, 258. 

Teutoberg Forest, 9 A. D. ; see p. 13. 
Teutonic Knights, see Knights. 
Teutons, Table, Cent. — VUI. ; —102 ; see Teutonic nations 

by name. 
Tcwksbury, x, 1471. 

Thackeray, William Makepeace, novelist, A 180^3. 
Thales, Table, Cent. —VI. 
Thames, x , 1S13, in Canada. 
Thapsus, X , — 46. 
Thebes, city, head of Bwotia; Theban ; — 45G, —447; —379 

to —361; — 371, — 335; see Cadmeia. (Also, an ancient 

city of Egypt.*) 
Themistocles, —171, ^449. 
Theodatus. 534. 

Theodoric, Ostrogoth, 473, 489-520; Visigoth, 419; 451. 
Thcodorus. pope, 542. 
Theodosius I., 379+ ; T— II., 408. 
Thermopylae, x , ■ — 480. 
Thessalonica, 390. 
Thirty Tyrants, —404, —403 ; so called, 260. Thirty Years' 

War, 1018-1043 ; p. 15. 
Thomas, Aquinas, 1274; a Kempis, 1471; Becket, 1162-1170. 
♦Thrace, kingdom under Lysimachus, from division of 

Alexander's empire; ends — 2S1. 
Thucydides, —401. 
Tiberias, x, 1187. 
Tiberius,- 12; 10 A. D.; 10-37; 27; Oen.Tab., Cent. I. T— 

H., 574. 
Ticinus, x,— 218. 
Tiglath-Pileser II., —745. 
Tilsit, Peace of, 1807. 
Timoleon, —344, —337. 

Timur-lcng (= Tamerlane), Tatar, 1368 + , 1401. 
Titus, 79. 
Togrul Beg, 1 037. 
Tolbiae, x , 496. 
Toledo, 1084. 

Toleration, see Persecutions ; 311, 313, 1552, 1555, 1598, 1629. 
Torquemada, 149?. 
Totila, 540, 546, 649. 
Toulouse, 607, 1229. 
Tours, x,732; s«« p. 14. 
Towton, X, 1461. 
Trafalgar, o,lS05. 



Ti-ajan, 98-117, sundry events. 

Trasimene, x, — 217. 

Treaty, see Peace : of Home and Carthage, — 508. 

Trebia, x,— 218. 

Trebizond, 258; Greek Emperors there,* 1204-1201, 

Trebonjan, prepared the Civil Law, 528 + , A 545. 

Trent, Council of, 1545. 

*Tribonian = Trebonian. 

Tribunes, always plebeian, to defend their order, — 492, —470, 

—442, —123. 
Triumvirates, -60, —43, —39. 
Troyes, Treaty of, 1420. 
I Truce, Nicias, — 421, = False peace : Kome and Etruria, 
I —348 ; " of God," 1033, 1038 ; Saladin's, 1 192. 

Tudor, house of, accession to Enghsh throne, 1485; branch 

of Lancaster; Gen. Tables XXII. and XXIIL 
Tunis, 800, 1270. 
Turanians, Table, Cent. —VIII. 
Turenne, Henry de la Tour d'Auvcrgne, Marshal, t 1075. 

Gen. Tab. XXVIII. 
Turin, x,— 218; x,1700. 
Turkey, Turks: Table, Cent. —VIII.; kingdom, 550 (»„ 

drive Avars, 557 (?) ; see Ottomans, Seljuks. 
Turkistan, Saracens enter, 706 (?) ; Mongols, 1210 i,?). 
Tuscany, Matilda, 1115; see Florence, Medici. 
Twelve Tables, —451. 
Tyrants, see Thirty Tyrants. 
Tyre ; see Pha?nicia ; —585, —332 ; 1124. 
Tyrtaius, — 6S5. 



U 

Ulfilas, 883. 

Ulpian, 228. 

"Unam Sanctam," 1303. 

Uniformity, Act of, 1662. 

" Unigenitus," 1713. 

Union of Calmar, 1397, 1524. 

*•' United Provinces," seven provinces of Netherlands revolt- 
ing against Spain, 1500, tjike this title. 1681. 

"United States," see Centuries XVlll. and XIX., from 1754 
onward. First Congress, 17.54; Kevniution, 1775-1783; 
Confederation, 1777 ; Constituliou, 1787, 1788. 

" Universal Bishop," 007. 

Universities, note. Cent. XIV.: O.vford, 888; Cambridge, 
915. 

Urban II., 1088; see Popes. 

Utrecht, Peace of, 1713. 



♦Vaccination, see Jenner. 

Vadimonium, Lake, x , —308 ; x , —243. 

Valcns, 364, 376, 378. 

Valentinian I., 304 ; V— II., 076 ; V— III., 42.3^56. 

Valerian, 253, 200. 

Valmy, x, 1792. 

Valois, house of, accedes to French throne, 1328; Gen. Tab. 

XIV. 
Vandals, 405, 40fr409; 423; 429-439; 439,405,460,468; 533. 
Varna, x , 1444. 
Varus, 9 a. d. 
Vasa, Gustavus, 1523. 
Vasco de Gama, 1498. 
Vatican Council, 1870. 
Vega, Lope de la, dramatist, 1635. 
Veil, Etruscan city, —402, —392. 
Venice, 452 ; first duke, 697 ; Dandoio, 1205 ; wars, 1508, 1510, 



71 



ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE HISTORICAL CHARTS. 



1571, lC-15; loses Cyprus, lbT'i\ Morea, 1715; subjected 

by France, \191. 
Vercelia;, x , — 101. 
Verdun, Teaoe of, 643. 
Verona, x , 403. 
Verus, 161. 

Vervains (= Vervins), Peace of, 1598. 
Vespasian, 69. 

♦Vesuvius, overwhelms Pompeii, 79. 
Vicksburg, x,1863. 

Victor II., pojio, 1080. Victor Emanuel II., Italy, 1S49. 
Victoria, Queen of England, 1837. 
Vienna, x, 1683. 

Vikings, s«;6 Danes; nortbern adventurers. 
Virgil, A —19. 

Virginia canijiaign, Grant, 1&G4. 
ViriatUus, — 149. 
.Visigotbs, see C.otbs; 375, 395, stc Alaric; 412, 414, 419,451, 

466; 507, driven from Gaul; 584; 711. 
Vitellius, 69. 
Vitiges, .'>36. 

Voltaire, noted author, A 1778. 
Volusian, 251. 

Vouille (Vougle, Vogle), x, 507. 
*Vulgate, see Jerome. 



W 

Wagram, x,180S. 

Wakefield, x,1160. 

Wales, conquest of, 1276. 

WalLicc, Sir William. + 1305. 

Wallenstein. Albert, general, t 1034. 

AValls, Koman : Germany, 120; Britain, 121, 140, 210. 

Warbeck, Perkln, 1492; claimed to be Kieliard, Duke of 
York, younger sou of Edward IV. ; validity of his claim 
uncertain. 

Wanvick, Richard, Earl, " King-maker," + 1471 ; Gen. Tab. 
XXII. ; see Imposture. 

Washington, George, general in American Revolution, Presi- 
dent, 1789; A 1799. Washington City, burut, 1814. 

Watches, invented, about 1658. 

Waterloo, x, 1815. 

Watt, flames, inventor, A 1819; see Steam-engine, 

Wat the Tyler''s insurrection, 1381. 

Webster, Daniel, orator and statesman, A 1852. 

Wellington (^ Arthur Wellesley), Duke of, A 1852. 



Wends, Table, Cent. —VIII. 

Wenzel, 1378. 

W^erner, 1140. 

Wesley, John, founder of the Methodist Church, A 1791. 

Weasex, see Heptarchy, Egbert 

Western Empire, 395-470 ; see Empire, Romulus, etc. 

West Indies, see India. 

Westphalia, Peace of, 1048; kingdom, 1S07. 

Wiclif (several spellings), 1380, 1384. 

Wieland, author, A 1813. 

William: Of England, W— I., 1066 ; W— 11., 1087; W— 
III., 1689, 1690 ; W— IV., 1830. Germany, W— of Hol- 
land, Emperor, 1247; new Empire, 1871. Prussia, W— 
L, 1861 ; W— the Silent, 1578, and Gen. Tab. XXVIII. 

Witikind, A 807. 

Wolfe, General James, 1 1759, takes Quebec. 

Wolscy, Cardinal, fall of, 1529. 

"Wonder of the World," Emperor Frederick II.; also, 
Albert of Austria,* father of Emperor Albert II. 

Worcester, x, 1651. 

Worms, Diet of, 1521. 

Wren, Christopher, architect, A 1723. 

Wurtemberg, kingdom, ISOO. 



Xavier, St., a Jesuit, 1542, A 1552. 
Xenophon, in Anabasis, — 401 ; A - 
Xeres, x,7n. 
Xerxes I., —486; X— II., —425. 



-355. 



Yermuk, x , 636 (corruption of Ilieroniax). 
York, branch of Plantagenets; we that, and Roses, War of; 
Richard, Duke of York, 1435, 1454, 1460. Gen. Tab. XXII. 
Yorktown. x, 1781. 



Zama, x , — 202. 

Zela, X,— 47. 

Zeno, Isaurian, 474 ; Ze 

Zenobia, 264. 

Zinghis Khan (Jengis, Dschingis, etc.), 1206, 1216. 

Ziska, John, 1419, A 1424. 



■ Stoic philosopher, A — 268 (_?). 



n 



PART II. 

GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



Those parts of history in wliich dynastic considerations and inheritances have 
much influence need genealogical tables for the explication of them. Such tables 
are of greater importance in the history of the Middle Ages than in later times ; for 
the successions to thrones, to land, and to sovereignty over it, under the feudal sys- 
tem, depended upon lineage and upon the rules of inheritance. 

But genealogies and descents have their influence in later times. Even in the 
last century there were two great wars of succession, the Spanish and the Austrian. 
In the beginning of this ccnturj'. Napoleon tried to establish a network of kingdoms 
controlled by dynastic motives. Louis Napoleon found one pretext for his disas- 
trous war, in the selection, for the Spanish throne, of Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sig- 
maringeij, a very remote relative of the King of Prussia, and not a member of the 
royal family. The "Orangemen" of Ireland and America take their name from a 
Hollander of the German family of Nassau, whose title — " Prince of Orange " — came 
from a principality in the south of France, and who became King of Groat Britain 
because his mother and his wife were of the Scotch royal family of Stuarts, wliicli 
had come to the throne of England through a marriage contracted just a century 
before their accession. 

The marriages of families often show their policies. There were times when the 
English royal families sought marriages with France ; others, when alliances with 
Spain were sought ; in each period, England's policy varied accordingly. But now, 
for more than two centuries, indeed, ever since James Stuart (King James IL) in 
1673 married Mary of Modena, no member of the English royal families has sought 
a bride or received a husband from the south of Europe. 

The following genealogical tables have been prepared to aid students and read- 
ers in the history of medieval and modern Europe, especially. Of necessity, they 
present chiefly English, French, German, and Spanish lines. They may be regarded 
as systematized hints at the biography of several hundred persons of ro^-al and noble 
families, who were those most prominent in the political and military history of 
Europe for a thousand j'cars. 

No attempt is made to make names uniform in the different tables. A princess 
may be Mary in one table and Marie or Maria in another, though generally the Eng- 

9 73 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 

lish forms of names are used. This variety is retained, to remind students of the 
different forms of names, which, if not known, may be a puzzle. The following 
equivalences are not uncoumion : 

Alice is exchanged for Alix, Alicia, Adela, Adeliza, Adelaide (Adelheid), Ade- 
line, etc. Blanche is Blanca or Bianca. Eleanor may be Leonora, etc. Elizabeth 
is transformed into Isabel, or vice versd. Jacqueline appears as Jacquetta or Jaoo- 
ba'a. Jane is Joan, Joanna, Johanna, Juana, Jeanne. Yolanda, Jolande, lolanthe, 
and Violante, with still other variations, are one name. 

Charles is Karl, Carlo, Carlos. Ferry is Frederick. Ferdinand may be Ferrand, 
oven Ferraud, and Hernando. Guy may be Guido, Wido, Weit, or Veit. Henry is 
sometimes Hein-i, Henrico, Heinrich, Enrique, Errico, or Erick. Hermann becomes 
Arminius and Armand. Hugh is Ugo or Hugues. James is represented by Jacob, 
.Tacopo, Jaime, etc. John is Johann, Hans, Jan, Jean, Juan, Ivan, Giovanni ; and 
John Baptist may appear as Giambattista. Jerome is found in Hieronimo, Geroni- 
mo, Glrolamo, etc. Lewis is Louis, Luigi, Ludwig, Ludovico, etc. Otho is Otto, 
Odo, Eudo, Eudes. Peter, Pedro, Pielro, and Pierre, are one. Philip may be Felipe 
or Filippo. Ralph has many forms ; as, Rodolf, Rudolf, Raolfo, Raoul, Rollo, and 
even Ron. Reinhold, Reynold, Renaud, Rainald, are varieties of Reginald. Rene 
is also Renatus. Thierry is Dietrich, Diederick, or Dirk, and these are all from 
Tlieodoric. Most other names are changed less than these ; and ae'|uaintance with 
this list and the use of analogies will enable a reader to guess shrewdly. 

These tables are drawn on the plan of those of Le Sage, with some slight varia- 
tions of detail. To explain them, the following imaginary table is given : 



Alhoit, g.-s. of Robert, A 1071. 

1. Hiirlmra, sht. S/ipfirn, A 1645. 

2. U/am, d. Walln; A Ujoli. 

3. Lcoitora^ und. Murthi, ■«. 



a. Denis, A 1720. 

VinhtHte, hs. Theodore. 



6 l>. Fmnoes, 
2. Gt'orffe. 



Guy. 
Jant\ 



% J.itnes. 



I 



Victor. 
I . A(pifs. 



h. Km], f 17211. 
J/.»V/. 



Henry, nnm. 

1 Ariiolii. 



O Irene, li. 1077. 
O (iertriule, b. ICSO. 



I 
# r.cwis, A IfiSS. 

1. .V. 

2. JlJ/ff/iiii'f, ^. 



O M:irv, A 1727 



Xieholas. 
6 fllivia. 
# I'liilip. 



The circular character, •, denotes a male, and O, a female. In this example, 
Albert, said to be grandson (,'/.-«.) of Robert, ha<l three wives, as shown by the 
figures 1, 3, .3. Tiie first, Barbara, was sister of Stephen, and died in 1GI:5 ; Denis 
was her son, as is shown by the letter a ; so b characterizes children of the second 
wife. The second, Clara, was daughter (d.) of ^^^alter, dying in IG56 ; and the 
third, Leonora, was widow of Martin, and died childless, which is noted l)y ■■. 
Denis, Frances, and Karl, were the children of Albert, the a and l> showing from 
which wife. 

Denis had for wife Violante, lieiress (/(.s.) of Theodore ; their son Guy married 
Jane, but died childless, as denoted by ^. The first husband of Frances is not 
named, from which it is to be understood that all the children are of the second hus- 



74 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 

band, George. The children of Frances are James, who had children by a wife, 
which is denoted by the line drawn downward from his circle ; Henry, who died un- 
married (icmn.), but had a natural (t;) or illegitimate son, Arnold; and Irene and 
Gertrude, sisters, born (S.) 1677 and 1680 ; for want of room, the circles of these 
are not both joined to the horizontal line, but one is under the other, not joined by 
a line ; for a line running down from the ujjper circle to the lower would mean that 
Gertrude was daughter of Irene. 

Victor and Lewis were brothers, as their circles are joined by an horizontal line a 
little above them, as those of Denis, Frances, and Karl, are joined. .Victor's wife, 
Agnes, is marked 1, to show that she was the first of two or more ; the depending 
line shows that they had unnamed children. The first wife of Lewis is supposed to 
be unknown ; hence she is denoted by JV. {nameless) ; she was, however, the mother 
of Mary, as Eugenia was childless. The marriage of Mary to Karl is denoted both 
b}' putting the name of each under the other, and by joining their circles by a line 
below them, from which lines run down to the circles of Nicholas, Olivia, and Philip, 
their three children; this shows another way of representing brothers and sisters 
when space is scanty. 

Relationships can be easily traced. Every circle that can be reached by going 
only down and to the right or left from Albert is either child, grandchild, or great- 
grandchild of his ; but that Mary is not one of his descendants is plain, because her 
circle cannot be reached from his by going down and to the right, without an up- 
ward turn. Mary is niece and Olivia grandniece of Victor. As the children of 
brothers and sisters are cousins, so Nicholas, Olivia, and Philip, children of Karl, are 
cousins to James, Henry, Irene, and Gertrude, as they are children of Frances^ and 
to Guy, son of Denis. 

Signs and Abbreviations. — A, died ; f, violent death ; b.,born; u, illegitimate ; 
d., daughter; s., son, or, with a female name, sister; sist., sister ; f., father; m., 
mother; bro., brother ; g.-s., grandson ; g.-d., grand-daughter, etc. ; g.-g.-s., or g."s., 
great-grandson ; g.'s., great-great-grandson ; the figure shows how many times the 
words great and grand are to be used ; similarly interpret g.^f., g.'m., etc. 

Dep., deposed ; dethr., dethroned ; mar., married ; div., divorced ; rep., repu- 
diated ; abd., abdicated; hs., heiress; co-hs., co-heiress; sr., elder; jr., younger; 
beh., beheaded. The meaning of the figures 1, 2, 3, when against the names of 
husbands or wives, and the correlatives a, b, c, etc., is explained above. The sign 
of equality (=) indicates two equivalent names, or two different names for the same 
person. *^* indicates a note, or is equivalent to " N. B." Tab., table. 

Abp., archbishop ; Bp., bishop ; Ct., Count ; Cts., counts or countess ; Ctj^, 
county ; Card., cardinal ; Cr.-Pr., crown-prince, or heir-apparent to the ihrone ; 
Dk., duke ; Dks., dukes ; Dchs., duchess ; E., or Emp., emperor ; E^ (in some 
tables), a king of Germany not crowned emperor ; (E.), in some tables, a rival 
emperor ; E. Emp., Eastern emperor or Eastern empire ; EL, elector ; G.-dk., grand- 
duke ; Kg., king; Landgr. or Lgr., landgrave ; Ld., lord; Mgr., Mrq., margrave or 
marquis ; Pr., prince ; Prs., princes or princess ; Q., queen ; Vet., viscount. 

The word of is frequently omitted, as in the sample table above. Tables I. and 
II. are those of the Scipios and the C;i?sars, on the Charts of Century II. B. c. and 
Century I. a. d., in Part I. 

75 



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XI.—TIie Spains, from 1000 to 155G; with Sicily and JVaples. 



9 Sanclio III., the Oveirt, Kitifr of Navarre ami Aragon, 10(10 to 1085 ; Kinj; of Castile, 102S. Called Liuisell Emper- 
or of spam ; divided liis kingdom to his sons ; married Ktviva, As. of t 'untile. 



NATAEEE. 



CASTILE AND LEON. 



AKAGON. 



• Garcias III., 1 1051. • Ferdinanrt I., A lOGn. o Gonzales. 1 1038, 

StiUL'ha, hs. v/ Leon, K.inyofSobrarve. 



9 Ramirez, • .Sanclto IV., 

A lUTIJ (?). t 1070. 

e Kaniirez, A 11 10. Tlie 
lciiij,'(lom lieid by Ara- 
Uoii till 1134. 

• Garcias IV., A 1150, 

• Sanclio v., A 11S4. 



O Alfonso VI., Leon, A 1109. • Sanclio I., 1 1072, 

1. A{pieti ttf Ptittou, King of Castile. 

2. Zaide iStiruct'n). 
S, 4, 5, (j. Other queetis. 7 



• Kamii-cz I., 1 10C3 (?). 

O Sancho Ramirez, 1 1094. 

(feaucho and his sons, Peter 
and Alfonso, were kin^sof 
Navarre,) 



_ • Peter I., • Alfonso I,, "the 

I — A 1104. — Champion," +1134. 

O <7. Urraca, A 1126. Q. C'naca. 

I 1. Jv(tijiiion<t, Fi'. Coiuti . 
2. Aljoim) /., Aniifon. 



Kaniirez II., 

•■llle .Monk," 

ahd. 1137, A 
1147. 



« Sancbo VI., O Blanche. A 1229, 



— A 1234. 



'/■/,, Imi lilt 111. 



e «, Alfonso VII., A ll.">7; "tlie 
Kmperur;" di\ided his kingdom. 



(lierengaria, Q. of tlunupnijlie. 



of England, was 
his sister.) 



A 120". 



LEON. 



• Tliibault I., A 12,':)3, 



• Tliibault II., e Henry I., 

— A 1270. 1 A 1274. 



(t Sanclio II., A 1 158. 
I 
• Alfonso VIII. (III.l, 

A 1214. 
Eleanor of En(ilan(l, tl. 
of King Iknrij 11. 

^ 1 

O Bl.anelie. • Henry I., 
— A 1217. 



O Jane, hs. of Nav.arre, A 1305. 
I Philip J ('., King of Mlriirre. 

8ee Table XIV, for the rest I 

of Navarre, 
Oidile anil Leon nniteiflinalli/ iimlfr Fcnlinunil III. 



# Ferdinand II., 

I A 11S8. 

• Alfonso IX., A 1230. 

1 2. Ui'irni/irrio. Q. of 
( 'itilile (liclow). 

I 

O Berenjiaria, A 1240. 
I Al/on.w /.V, Luon. 



9 Louis IX. (St, L,), France, • Ferdinand III., 

A 1262, 
1, Jl.'iitrix,(l.ofE>np. 
Philip. (Tables.) 



• Alfonso X., A 12S4. o Eleanor, 

Rival Emperor. (See | Edwa rd I. of Ennhiral. 

" I 



O Petronilla, A 1173. 

1 liaijmoud, f'oinit of 
Jlitreelonit. Regent, 
1137; King.Uol ; A 
1102. 

Alfonso II., Alloc. 
(He was als(j Count of 
l'rove?iee.) 



« I'eter II., t 1213. 



• James I., A 1276, 

" tlie Conqueror." 
2. Xolanda, IJungary. 

• Peter III.,' A 128,5. 
Contitantia^ hs. .Sicilif. 

(Table s.) 
(Peter's brn. .Tames was 
first King of .Maiorea, 
1202.) 



T.able Vin.) 
a Sancho IV., A 1295. 

• FerdiiKind IV.. A 1312. 
e Alfonso XI., A 1350, 



I Peter the Cruel, a 5 Henry II., 

+ 1309, I A 1379. 



a James II.,' A 1.327, 

I abdicated Sicily, 129.5. 

O Alfonso IV., A 1336. 



Peter IV., A 13--7. 
eiOleil "the Cruel," 

He had live wives. 



O Alfonso III., 

— A 1291. 



Kings of .Sirii.Y. 



O Louis,' A 1355 



• Frederick II,,' A 1337. 
I 

• Peter II,,' A 1:!I2. 



e Frederick III,, A 1377. 

1 

O Mary.' A 1 102, 
"■ Martin, jr.. .tra{fon. 



O Constantia. 
I John of Vaunt. 

O Catherine. 

llenrit lU. of 
Caatile. 



O John I., 

A 1390, 
Eleouoril of 
Aragon. 



John I., 

1 A 1395, 

O Tolanda. 
(Table 17.) 



O Eleonora, A 13S2. 

fohn /., Kinij of Cantile. 



O Mai-tin,' sen., A 1410. 

I 



*f* On the death of Martin, sen., c Martin,' jr., A 1409. 
there wa.^ a dispute over the —1. Man/ of iSicily 
succession, ending iu favor (above), 

of Ferdinand. 2, Bhinehe. Q. nf Ka- 

rarre. (Table 14.) 



e Henry III., A 1406, Castile, q Ferdinand I.,' Aragnn, A 1416, 
i Catherine, of regular line. i 



.John II., A 14:4, 

1, .Man/ of .Aragon. 

2, Imliel of I'ortugal. 



O Mar)-, A 1445, 
I John II. of Castile. 



John II.,' A 1479. 

1. Blanehe, Q. Naxarre. 

2. Jane Ilenriquez. 



I 



Alfonso V.', -, A 14.58. 
(King of Nai>lcs and Sici- 
ly as Alfonso 1.) 



O ". Henry IV., A 1474. O ''. Isahclla, 



1. Blanehe of Aragon, 
•I. of King John 11., 
hi/frst wife. 



A 1,504, 
Ferdinand 
of Aragon. 



• Ferdinand II.'. -, O Eleanor, Q. of • t] Ferilinand,^ A 1194 



"C.itholic," A 1510 I Navarre, A 
I.iahella. IJueen if 1479. 

I 'astile. Gaston of 

Foix. 



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XXIV.—House of Hohenzollern ; Brandenhurg and Prussia, 



1. Frederick I., previously Frederick VI., aa hereditary Burgravc of Nuremberg, is made Elector of Brandenburg in 
14:17 by Emp. Sigismuud; A 1-14U. 



• 2. Frederick II., " Irontooth," A 1471. • 3. Albeit, " Achilles " and " Ulysses,^' A 1486. 



4. John, " Cicero," A 1499. 



• 5. Joachim I^ "Nestor," 
A 1535. 



• Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg, abd. 1515, A 1536. 
(Calembacu.) (ANSBACn.) 



Casimir, A 1527. 



• Albert, A 1557; 
^ "^Aicibiades." 



• George, ''Pious," 
I A 1543. 

• George, A 1603. 



6, Joachim II., A 1571 ; 
" Hector ;'' Lutheran. 



John the Prudent. Margrave of Neumark, 
or Custrin ; A 1571. (No sons.) 



I 

• Albert, A 156S ; G.-Mast. of 
I Teut. Order; first Duke of 

Prussia. 

• Albert, A 1618; insane. 
Mary of Vleves, a 16US. 

(See Tableau.) 



7. John George, A 159S; twenty-three chil- 
dren. 



O Anne, hs., A 1G25. 
I John Sigis^muiui^ ninth 
I Elector (below). 



O Eleanor. 

I Joachim Frederick^ eighth 
Ettctor. 



• 3. Joachim Fred.. A 160S, 
Abp. of Magdeburg. 



• Christian, A IfiOS; head of the branches 
I of Baireuth and Calembach, ending 
in 172G and 1763. 



I 

• Joachim Ernst, A 1625 ; liead of 
I branch of Ausbach, which ends 
in 1806. 



9. John Sigismund, A 1(119; 

Calvinist. ^° See Table 30. 
Anne of Prussia (above). 



10. Geo. William, A 1G40. 

Elizabeth Palatin-e, sis. 
of Fred. V., "Winter- 
king:' (Table 25.) 



6 Mary Eleanor, A 1655. 
I Gustamts Adolphus^ King 
of Sweden. (Table 27.) 

O Christina, Queen of Sweden. 



11. Frederick William, A 16S3. "The Great Elector." 
Louisa of Nassau^ g.-d. of William the Silent. (Tab. 2S.) 



• 12. Frederick III., becomes Frederick I., King of 
Prussia, January IS, 17i-H ; A 1713 ; three wives. 
2. Sophia of Hanover, sist. of George /., Enrjland. 
(Table 23.) 

Frederick William I., A 1740. Many children. 
Sophia^ d. of George I. of England. 



*i^ This house originated at Hohenzollern, in 
Swabia; first known, 1164 ; became Bur- 
graves of Nuremberg in Franconia; obtained 
Brandenburg in 1417 ; Prussia, 1525; and 
much of Pomerania in 1648 ; but Prussia was 
part of Poland till 1657. Since this house be- 
came royal, it bas grown rapidly in power and 
possessions. Very notable in this house is the 
absence of marriages with French, Spanish, 
Italian, and Austrian princes or princesses. 
This royal line is a junior branch of the origi- 
nal house, separating about 12(10; tlie other 
line divided in 1576 into the two lines of H.- 
Hechingen and H.-Sigmaringen. The Prince 
of Koumania is of the latter line, not closely 
connected with this line even by marriage. 



• Frederick II., the Great, A 1786. 
"■ Elizabeth of Brunszcick. 



I 

• August 'WiUiam, A 1758. 



I 

O Louisa TTIrica, A 1782. 
I Adolf Frederick^ King of Sw6- 
I den. (Table 27.) 



• Frederick 'William II., 

(Many children.) 



A 17117. 



O Willielinina Fredorika Sophia, A lft20. 

WiUimii r., Sladtholder ctf Holland, A ISOO. 



(Table 28.) 



• Frederick William III., A 1840. 
LouUa of Meckltnhurg, A 1811. 



O Wilhelraina Frederika Louisa. A 18-31. 
William I., King of Holland. (Table 28.) 



« Fred. WiUiam IV., • William I., h. 1797; o Ch.arlotte, A 1800. o Charles Frederick, b. 1801. 

— A 1861. Kinn, 1861 ; Emperor I Xi<^hulas I.. Czar of \ 

of Oermanv, January Russia. (Table 83!) • Frederick Charles, b. 1823. 

I 18,1871. I I 

I • Alexander II., Czar, 
I born 181b. 

• Frederick WiUiara. Crown-Prince, born 1831. 

Victoria Adelaide, oldest c/iild of Queen Victoria of England. 

*.* Numbers before the names designate the order of the Electors of this house. 



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XXVI.— House of Savoy from, 1417 ; Dukes, Kings of Sardinia and of Italy. 



The earliest of this liousc was Humbert of the White Hands, uho died 1048, Count of Manrienne. His ancestry is 
uncertain ; probably he was g.-g.-son of Louis the Blind, King of Italy (Table 0). His g,3-son was Amadeus III , first 
Count of Savoy. The connections of these counts by marriages were with the greatest royal and princely families of 
Europe ; England, France, Germany, Flanders, Montferrat, Provence, and others. The thirteenth count, Amadeus VIII., 
was made Duke of Savoy by the Emperor Sigismund in 1417 ; the fifteenth duke becomes King of Sicily in 1713. 



« 1. Amadeus VIII., first duke, A 1451. II 
I was nntipope " Felix V.," 14^3il-144». 
Nary of Jiurauiidi/, A 1428 (Table 32, II.). 

• 2. Louis, A 1465; sixteen children. 
Ann of Cyprus, A 14G2. 



*^* Dukes of Savoy are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. ; the titular Kings of 
Cyprus are marked C. ; the Kings of Sardinia are marked S. 



• 3. St. Amadeus IX., A 1472. 



Louis, C, by wife, A 14S2 
Charlotte, hs. of Cyprus. 



I 
• 7. Philip. "Landless," A 1497. 

1. Jfari/arel of Bourhon,d.o/Dul-e Charles I. 

2. Ctaudiii of Bresse. 



4. PhiUbert I., A 14S2. 



I 

• 5. Charles I.. C, A 1489. 
1 

• C. Charles II., C, A 14'.l6. 



• 8, a. Philibert II., • 9. I. Charles III.. A 1553. 
— "thoFair," A 1504. | 



• 10. Em.inuel Philibert, A 15S0; "Ironbead." 
I Mari/aret, d. of Fi-ancis /., France (Table 14). 



• 11. Charles Emanuel I., the Creat. A V&O. 

Catherine of Spain, d. of Philip JI. (Table 12). 



I 

O ". Louisa. 
I Charles, Covnt of 
I An(/ouleme, 

# Francis I., King of 
France. 



h. Philip, Duke of Nemours, A 
K>SS ; si.x dukes follow in 
three getierations ; title goes 
hack to France in lt*^9. Ills 
g.-'-dau. Mary marries the 
fourteenth duke, Cbas. Ema- 
nuel II, and is mother of the 
first king of this house. 



Pkisces of Carionan. 



• 12. Victor Amadeus I., A lfi37. 

Christina, d. of Henry IV. (Table 10). 



• Thomas Francis, A 1656. 

Mary. Bourbon Conde, hs. of Soissons (Table IS). 



• 13. Francis Hvacinth, 
— A 16.58, age 6. 



• 14. Chas. Emanuel II , 
age 3; A 1675, affe40. 

1. France.*;, Orleans, 
d. Gaston (Tab. 16). 

2. Mary, Nemours. 



• 1.5. ft. Victor Amadeus II., King of Sicily, 1713; 
by exchange. King of Sardinia, 1720; abd. 1730; 
A 1732. 
1. Anne of Orleans, d. ofDk. Philip I. (Table 16). 



• Emanuel. A 1700. 

# Victor Amadeus, A 
I 1741. 

O Louis Viet. Ama- 
deus, A 1778. 



• Eugene, Count of Soissons, A 
1673. 

Cilimp'ia Mancini, niece of 
Cai-dinal Alazarin. 

• " Prince Eugene." A 1786; the 
— famous general. 



• Charles Emanuel III., S., A 1773. 
I 2. Chri.'<tintl, //e.«.w. 



• b. Victor Amadeus II., S.. A 1796. 
Mary Antonia, Spain (Table 12). 



O Louis.a. A 1714. 

Philip v.. Spain (Tab. 12). 
O Adelaide, mother of Louis 
XV. 



• Chas. Emamiel IV., • Vict. Emanuel I., • Clias. Felix. 

— S., .ibd. 1S02, A 1819. I S.. abd. 1>21, A l>-'4. — S., A 1831. 



• Victor Amadeus II., A 1780. 

• Charles Emanuel, A ISOO. 



• Charles Albert, 8.. succeeds 
I Charles Felix, bis father's fifth- 
1 cousin ; abd. and A 1849. 



Sisters of these three kings marry Louis XVIII. and Charles X. of France. 
Victor Emanuel I. had no surviving son ; his dan. Mary Anne m.arried Emp. 
Ferdinand I., Austria; another. Mary Christine. m.arried Ferdinand II., of the 
Two Sicilies. ,See Naples, in Table 12, "King Bomba " 



1 



Victor Emanuel II., S.. horn 
is-ii) ; King of Italy, ls61; A 1878. 

Man/ Adelaide of Austria, hi^ 
fii-st-cousin, d. of Arch-duke 
Jiainer (Table 31). 



• Iluud.ert, Prince of Pied- • Am.adeus. Duke of Aosta; # Otbo. A 1866. o Clotild.i, born 1843. , , „^^ 

roont. born 1844 ; King King of Spain, lb71-'75. • Charles, A 1864. Prince A apoleon, son of Jerome. 

oflt-ivlSTS • t" B 1- > O Mary, born 1S47. 
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108 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES, 

WITH ANNOTATIONS. 



N0TK._Figurcs in p.rcnthoses, unless manifestly dates, are references to the Tables by numbers Abbreviations are 
same as in the Table's. Individuals are rarely indexed ; countries, houses, and families, are mostl> giveu. 



tho same as 



LIST OF GENEALOGICAL TABLES BY I'AGES. 

I. Principal Scipios, and Gracchi, p. 24, on Chart. 

II. First six Imperial Ciesars, 26, on Chart. 

III. Macedonian Family, Philip and Alexander the Great, 7(i. 

IV. Constantino's Family, 77. 

v. Karliag Lines, First Table, 73. 

TI. Karling Lines, Second Table, 79. 

VII. Saxon Emperors ; Early Franconians, with Connections, 80. 

VIII. Franconian and Ilohenstaufon Houses ; Ouelfs, Tlinrintria, Tuscany, etc., 81. 

IX. Imperial Luxemburg and llapsburg, 82. 

X. llapsburg; Austria from l.")M (continued in XXXI.), 83. 

XI. Spain, 1000-1.556 ; with Sicily and Naples, 84. 

XII. Spain— Hapsburg and Bourbon, S."). 

XIII. France, 987-1285 ; Capetians, and First House of Burgundy, 8G. 

XIV. France, 12S5-1539; Valois, Orleans, Angouleme, Burgundy, Navarre, and Alcncon, 87. 
XV. House of Bourbon to Henry IV., 88. 

XVI. French Bourbons, from Henry IV. ; Orleans. 80. 

XVII. T^vo French Houses of Anjou; Naples and Hungary, 90. 

XVIII. Houses of Brittany, Conde, and Dreux, 91. 

XIX. Houses of Lorraine and Guise, with Branches, 92. 

XX. England to lOCfi ; Saxon and Danish Kings, 98. 

XXI. England, 10GC-1827 ; Normjin Dukes and Kings; Plantjigenets, 94. 

XXII. England, 1327-1485; Last Plantagenets ; York and Lancaster. 9.5. 

XXIII. England from 1485; Tudors, Stuarts, House of Brunswick, 90. 

XXIV. House of Hohenzollern ; Brandenburg and Prussia. 97. 

XXV. Part I. Bavaria from 1180; Electors Palatine, Dukes, anil Kings, 98. 

XXV. Part II. Bavaria; Line of Deux- Pont.s 90. 

XXVI. Houseof Savoy from 1417; Sardinia and Italy, 100. 

XXVII. Sweden from 1.523; Houses of Vasa and Bernadotte, 101. 

XXVIII. Relations of Willijim the Silent; Orange-N.-is.snu, Holland, 102. 

XXIX. Scotland from 1055; Scottish Succession in 1290-1343, 103. 

XXX. Succession of Cleves, 104. 

XXXL Spanish Succession, 1096-1711; Recent Austria, 105. 

XXXII. Parti. Flanders; Latin Emperors ; Relations to Normandy, Hainault. Holland, etc., 106. 

XXXII. Part II. Flanders; Burgundy, Holland, llainault, Brabant, Bavaria, etc., 107. 

XXXIIL House of Romanoff; Russia from 1013, 108. 

109 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICvVL TABLES. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX, 



Albany. Tab. 2-). 

♦Albert tbe Bc-ar, "■• Ascanian ; " so onlled from a castle near 
Magdeburg. Founds Berlin, 1I4'2 (,?). See Saxony; An- 
halt 

*Alcma-ouidn?. An important family at Athens, traced from 
Megacles, sixtb peri)Ltu:il archon. about 7T6 b. c. Of this 
family were Megacles of 550 B.C., Clisthenes of 509 B.C., 
Pericles, Alcibiadc.s, and Oallias of 372 b. o. 

Alenfon. Tables 14, 10, 19. 

Alexander the Great. Tab. 3. 

Alsace — Elsass. Tab. 5. Very ancient house, descended 
from a chief of the Alemanni of 650 a. d. From this 
house arc reputed to come the Welfs or Guelfs, the Haps- 
burgers,the Zaehringers, and tbe Lorrainers. Kspeeially 
members of the house of Upper Lorraine are often called 
" of Alsace." Tab. 32 I. 

Angeli. A short dynasty of Byzantine emperors, 11S5-1204; 
Irene, Tab. s, dau. of Isaac. 

*Angevin, means "of Anjou."' 

Angouleme. Tables 14, 15, 10, 19. 

Angus. Tables 29, 23. See Douglas. 

AnhaltZerbst. Tab. S3, Catherine II. House of Anhalt, de- 
scended from Albert the Bear; see also Saxony. In 
15yG it divided into four branches: A.-Berneburg, A.- 
Bessau, A.-Zerbst (now extinct), and A.-Koetheu. 

Anjou. Tables G, 12, 13, 14, IG, especially 17 ; 19, 21, 31, 32. 
House of Anjou began in time of Charles the Bald ; was 
connected with Flanders (32), Normandy, and England ; 
became French, time of Philip Augustus, by forfeiture 
of the territory ; soon was given to Charles, bro. of Louis 
IX. (13, 17). English kings from 1154-1272 (21) are 
called Angevin, or "of Anjou." Robert the Strong (0) 
was not founder of tho house of Anjou. 

Anspach. Tab. 24. 

AntigonidiT^. Tab. 3. 

Antony. Mark. Tab. 2. on Chart. Cent. I., p. 2G. 

Afpiitiine. First dukes were Merovings; Knrlings (5) fol- 
low. Then sundry families, especially Counts of Poi- 
tiers : title, Duko of Aquitaine, is exchanged for Duke of 
Guienne. Hugh Capet's wife was of this latter connec- 
tion (13). and Q. Elcanon (21). Edward the Black Prince 
(22) was " Pi-ince of Aquitaine." 

Aragon. Tables S. 11. 

Aries. Tab. 5, Boson and Louis. 

♦Armagnac. A Gascon house, importnnt from 1873-1500; 
related to FoLx and Nav^irro ; merged in Aloncon branch 
of French royal family, by marriage. Sec Nemours. 
Aniiaimae-IIarcourt, Tab. 19. 

Artois. Tab. 13. Only two counts. Robert I., A 1250, and 
Robert IT., A 1302. Title reappears in Burgundy (32), 
and in Bourbons {10). Charles X. 
♦Ascanian. See Albert the Bear. 

Aumale. Tables 16, 19 especially. 

Austri.a. Tables 9. 10, 11. 12. 31. See Eabenbergs. Alsace. 
Called house of Hapsburg (Habsburg = Habichtsburg = 
Hawk Mountain) from a castle in Switzerland, canton 
Aargau, now in ruins. 



B 

*B.abpnbergs. The first house of Austria, preceding the 
Hapsburgers; descendants of Henry I., S60. Duke of 
East Franks. His g.-g.-son Leopold I. was first Mar- 



grave of Austria (Oesterreich), 982. Of this house were 
Henry II., Jasomirgott, 1156-1177 (see Bavaria); his son, 
Leopold Y., 1177-1194, who imprisoned Richard Lion- 
heart ; and Frederick the Quarrelsome, g.-son of Leopold 
v., end of the line, A 1246. From his sister Constance 
came the Saxon house of Wettiu. See Saxony. 

Baden. Grand-dukes since 180G ; previously, margraves: 
Hermann I., A 1074, tirst took that title; he was son of 
a duko of Zaehringen. The elder line, or Zaehringers, 
traced their hne to Erchanger of Swabia, 900 ; they be- 
came extinct in 121S. The Baden line divided in 1527 
into Baden-Baden, e.vtinct in 1771. and Baden-Dom-lach, 
the jtresent line. Connection with Sweden and Den- 
mark, Tab. 27. 

Baireuth. Tab, 24. 

Baliol. Tab. 29. 

Basilian dynasty, or Macedonian, claiming descent from 
Alexander the Great. A dynasty of E. Empire, 8G7- 
1U5G; nee Charts, Centuries IX., X.. XL Basil L is 
lirsl; next, his ton, Leo V.; Constantine VIL, son of 
Leo; Ronianus 11., of Constantino; Basil 11. and Con- 
stantine IX., sons of Romanus; the empresses Zoe and 
Theodora, daughters of Constantine. dying 1050 and 1U5G, 
end the line. Theophano (7) was Basilian. 

Bavaria. Tables 6, 7, 9. 10, 12,25.80.81.32; especially, 25. 
The earliest known dukes were the family of Agilolflngs, 
from Garibald L, 555, to Thassilo II., dethroned by 
Charlemagne, 7SS. Bavaria falls under the rule of the 
Karlings, and of the descendants of Henry the Fowler 
(6. 7), and of various families, until it goes to ^Velf IV., 
Tab. s. Henry the Lion is the last duke of this line. 
Leopold IV. and his bro. Henry Jasomirgott, Baben- 
bergs of Austria, hold Bavaria, 113S-1153. In 11^0. Otto 
of Wittelsbach succeeds Henry tlie Lion. Rein.irks on 
his house see in Tab. 25. 

*Bearn. Henry IV. of France is called '■Bearnese," or "of 
Beam," a viscounty of Southwest France, which came to 
the house of Foix by marriage, 1290, on expiry of malo 
heirs. See Foix. 

Beauchamp. Tab. 22. An English house, whose name and 
rank disappear in marriages with Beaufort and Ncvil. 

Beaufort. Tab. 22. Branch (illegitimate) of the house of 
Lancaster; legitimated by Richard II. and by Henry IV. 

Belgium. Leopold I., Tables IG and 23, A isiis, was son of 
Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ; his sister, Victo- 
ria (23), was mother of Q. Victoria ; his bro. Ernest, 
Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gothfl. was father of Q. Victoria's 
Imstiand, Prince-consort Albert; another brother was 
fathei- I'f Ferdinand, Prince-consort of the Queen of Por- 
tugal. See Portugal. 

Berg. Tab. 30. 

Bernadotte. Tab. 27. 

Berri. or Berry. T.nbles 14. 10. Always of the royal house 
of Fnance, but not forming a line. John (14) bought 
Montpensier. which thus (15) came to the Bourbons. 

Billung. See Saxony. 

Birkenfeld. Tab. 25 II. 

Bischweiler. Tab. 25 II. 

Blois. Tab. 21. The houses of Blois and Champagne were 
united a while; see Champagne. 

Bohemia. Was governed by Slavonian dukes till Premislas 
Ottocar I. became king. 119S, father of Wenzet (Weuces- 
las) 111.. Tab. 8. Wenzel's g.-d. Elizabeth married John 
the Blind, Tab. 9, and tho house of Luxemburg had 
Bohemia. Ladislas, .son of Elizabeth and Casimir IV. (9), 



110 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



united Bohemia and Hungary as one kingdom, which, 
1526 (Chart, Cent. XVI.), passed from his son Lewis II. 
to Austria (10). 

Bohun. Family-name of the Earls of Hereford; name and 
title disappear by marriages. Tab. 22, 

Bonaparte. Tab. 31. The family, in order, were Joseph, 
Kin^' of Naples, ISOG, and of Spain, A 1S4-1; Napoleon, 
A 1S21; Lucien, Prince of Canino, A 1S40 (his son Charles, 
A 1S57, was the noted naturalist); Louis, Kinj? of Hol- 
land, A 1S46 ; Jerome, King of Westphalia. A 18G0 ; Eli- 
za ; Pauline ; Caroline, married Murat, King of Naples, 
who was slain 1S15. Napoleon HI. was son of Louis. 
The recent '■• Prince Napoleon "" is Napoleon Joseph 
Charles Paul, son-in-law of Victor Emanuel. Tab. 20. 

Bothwell. Tab. 23. 

Boulogne. Tables 21, 32. 

Bourbon. Tables 15, 16, and 12 especially; also, 13, 14, 18 
(Coude), 32, 

Brabant. HcDry L, son of Godfrey IX. of Loixaine {see Lor- 
raine, II.), Count of Louvain, was made Duke of Bra- 
bant by Frederick Darbarossa (32 I.) ; his daughter Mary 
married Otto IV., Emperor ; his son Henry II. (A 1247) 
married Sophia, dan. of Lewis IV. of Thuringia (8) and 8t. 
Elizabeth ; they bad two sons named Henry : the younger 
became head of the house of Hesse, in all branches ; the 
other was Henry IH, of Brabant, A 1260, father of John 
I. Tables-13, 32 U. The rest of the line is in Tab. 32. 
Mary of Brabant, in Tab. 14, was sister of John I. 

*Braganza. See Portugal. 

Braudenbiu-g. Tables 24, 25, 28, 30, Brandenburg was 
given, 1142, to Albert the Bear {nee Albert, and Saxony) 
as margrave and elector; it passed to his elder son Otto, 
whose line ended with "Waldemar, 1320; Emperor Lewis 
gave it to his sons (25), from whom it went in 1373 to 
Wenzel, the emperor; in 1376, to his bro. Sigismund, 
who sold it to the house of Hohenzollern (24). 

Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Tab. 23. 

Brazil. John IV. of Portugal (q. v.) fled from Napoleon in 
1808 to Brazil, which he declared a kingdom ; his son, 
Pedro IV., preferred Brazil, declared it an empire, and 
himself emperor as Pedro L, Tab. 31. He gave Portu- 
gal to liis daughter, Maria da Gloria, but gave, in 1S34, 
Brazil to his son, lier brother, Pedro II., who visited the 
United States in 1S7G. 

Brittany. Tab. 13. Under a long line of Celtic princes end- 
ing with Conan IV. 

Bruce. Tab. 29. 

Bruns\vick. The house of Brunswick, descended from Wil- 
liam, son of Henry the Lion (8), has had an importance 
from the location and size of its possessions, and not from 
the ability of its princes. The seventh duke, Frederick, 
was chosen emperor in 1400, but was killed by an enemy, 
at once. The twenty-first duke, Ernest Augustus (23, 
25 I.), became Elector of Hanover {see Elector in "Index 
to Charts"). As an English house, Brunswick dates 
from his son (23). A Russian marriage, Tab. S3. Charles 
William, Duke of Brunswick, general in the Seven Years'" 
War and in 1792 and 1806 (+ 1806), was son of Charlotte 
Philippine, sister of Frederick the Great, and of Charles, 
brother of Antony Ulrie, Duke of Brunswick- Be vern. The 
domains of the house were divided to various branches. 

Buckingham. Tab. 22. The present Duke of Buckingham 
is a Grenville, not related to the earlier lines. 

Bm-gundy. See note on this name in "Index to Charts," 
p. 56. I. Cisjurane Burgundy : only kings. Boson and 
Louis the Blind, Tab. 5. 11. Transjuraue Burgundy: 
the whole line is in Tab. 6. Bertha, sister of Rudolf III., 
and the unfortunate wife of Robert of France, see in Tab. 



13. By her first husband she was mother of Odo (Otto) 
II. of Champagne, and thus ancestress of King Stephen 
of England and of the lino of Navarre, Tables 11 and 14. 
ni. The Duchy of (Lower) Burgundy was held by 1, 
Richard the Justiciary, brother of King Boson; 2, Rudolf, 
King of France, Tab. G ; 3, Hugh the Black, his brother; 
4, 5, 6, Hugh Capet (6 and 13) and his brothers Otto and 
Henry Otto ; 7, King Robert II. ; 8, by the line in Tab. 
13 ; 9, by the Valois Hne, Tables 14, 32 II. The title was 
borne by the father of Louis XV., Tables 12 and 16. IV. 
Upper Burgundy = Franche-Cnnite. Set otF as a coun- 
ty in the time of Hugh the Black, above named ; went 
to Otto William, Tab. 5, son of Hugh's sister Gcrberga 
and Adalbert, King of Italy (5) ; Beatrix, hen-ess of his 
line, in 1156 married Frederick Barbarossa ; li'om his 
son Otto (A 1200), by an heiress -daughter, Franche- 
Comt6 went to Otto I. of Meran, whose heiress-daughter 
married Hugh, Count of Chalons; from his son Otto 
(t 1303) it went by Jane the heiress to Philip V. of France; 
by his daughter Jane it went to Eudes IV. of Bur- 
gundy, Tab. 13; thenceforth, with the other Burgundy, 
. it went to the Valois dukes, to MaximiUan (32, 9), and so 
to the Spanish kings, until taken by France, 1678. In 
seven generations it passed five times from one house to 
another by an heiress. Cf. Nevers. 
Byzantine. Dynasties or rulers of E. Empire arc so styled ; 
see Angeli, Basilian, Comneni, Constantino, Isaui'ians, 
Palieologi. 



Caesar, Julius. Family, Tab. 2, in Cliart, Cent. L, p. 20. 

Calabria. Tables 17, 19. 

Calembach. Tab. 24. 

Carignan. Tab. 26. 

Carlings = Carlovingians = Karlings. Tables 5, G. 

Carlist claimants in Spain. Tab. 12. 

Cassander, Macedonian. Tab. 3. 

Castile. Tables 8, 11. 

♦Champagne. This house was descended from Ilerbei-t II. 
of Vermandois, Tab. 5, note, and from his g.-son 0<io I. 
of Blois, who married Bertha of Burgundy {see Burgun- 
dy, II., above). The family had important connections 
with France, England, Normandy, Brittany, etc. From 
Thibault IV., brother of King Stephen, Tab. 21, Blois and 
Chartros went to his son Thibault V.; but Champagne 
went to his son Henry, a crusader, fotlier both of Henry 
the King of Jerusalem and of Thibault III., who married 
Blanche of Navarre, Tab. 11. Thus the family becomes 
the royal one of Navarre, which sells Champagne to 
France. 

Charlemagne. Tab. 5. 

Chartres. Tab. 16, as recent title ; anciently belonged to 
Champagne and Blois. 

Clarence. Tab. 22. William IV., Tab. 23, was Duke nf Clar- 
ence, first since the unhappy Plantagenet George (22). 

Claudiau Ca-sars. Tab. 2, in Chart, Cent. I., p. 26. 

Cleburg. Tab. 25. 

Clermont. Tab. 13. 

*Comneni. A Byzantine dynasty, 1057-1059 and I0S1-11S5. 

Comyn. Tab. 29. 

Cond^. Tables 15, IS. 

Constantino's family. Tab. 3. 

Constantinople. See Byzantine, and Latin Emperors. 

Conti. Tab. 18. 

Cornwall. Tables 8, 21. 

Courtenay. See Gibbon's "Decline and Fall," ch. Ixi. In 
time of the Crusades one branch makes the Counts of 



111 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



Edessa, connected with kings of Jerusalem ; anotlicr 
branch g:!ves rise to the Knglish Earls of Devon ('32), anil 
to the heiress who marries Peter of France (13) and is 
ancestress of the Latin Kmperors of Constantinople (13, 
33, 14, 17). 

Cumberland. Tab. 28. 

Cyprus. Titular kings in Tab. 20. Charlotte the heiress, de- 
throned 1404, was the last legitimate of the line of the 
house of Lusign.an, which began with Guy, 1191. He was 
childless ; Cyprus passed t'> his bro. Almeric, whence all 
the line thereafter. Ajm, Tab. 20, was own aunt of Char- 
lotte. Catherine Cornaro, the last real Queen of Cyprus, 
was wife of Charlotte's illegitimate half-brother, James II. 



Danish Kings of England. Tab. 20. 

Darnley. Tab. 23. 

Dauphiny. Tab. 1.3. From this district came the title 

" Dauphin." 
Denmark. The lirst line of kings runs from Gorm the Old 
(20) to Christopher, A 1448, g.-g.-nephew of Margaret tho 
Great, who was a Dane and l^ueen of Norway and Sweden 
by marriage (see Norway). The new line began with Chris- 
tian I., of Oldenburg, A 14S1. Kings after him followed 
thus: his sun John, A ].")13; his son Christian II., deposed 
1523; Frederick I. (A 1533), Duke of llolstein, T.ab. 27, 
son of Christian I. The crown went then from father to 
son ten times; Christian III., A 15511 : Frederick 11., A 
15SS; Christian IV., A 1048 [he took share in the Thirty 
Years' War, and his sister Anne (23) married King James ; 
hence Frederick the Winterking (23, 25) was his nephew 
by marriage]; Frederick III., A 1670; Christian V., A 
1099 (his bro. George married Queen Anne, Tab. 23); 
Frederick IV., A 1730 ; Christian VI., A 1740 ; Frederick 
v., A 1700; Christian VII., A 1808; Frederick VI., A 
ls39. who lost Norway and sold Pomerania. Christian 
VIII. followed, son of Prince Frederick, who was son of 
Frederick v.; he died 1848: his son Frederick VII., A 
1S08, lost Schleswig-llolstein. The crown then went to 
Christian IX., present king, scTenlh cousin of Frederick 
VII., the common ancestor being Christian III. 

Christian George, son of Christian IX., is King of 
Greece since 1863, his wife being Olga of Kussia, niece of 
the Czar. Marriages of the royal house of Denmark are 
alwavs with England and N. Europe, never with Austria, 
France, etc., except Christian II., Tab. 9. 
Deu.v-Ponts = Zweibriiekcn. Tables 2.5, 27, 30. 
Dietz. Tab. 28. 
Dillemberg. Tab. 28. 
Doniitii. Tab. 2, in Chart, Cent. I., p. 20. Emp. Domitian 

was a Flavian. 
Douglas. Tab. 2-3. This was Archibald, si.\th E.arl of Angus, 
g.-son of Archibald " Bell-the-cat." Gawin Douglas, tho 
early English translator of the J!neid, A 1522, was third 
son of Archibald " Bell-the-cat," and brother of George, 
the sixth earl's father. 
Dreux. T.ables 13, 18. 
Durazzo. Tab. 17. 



E 

Epypt. Ptolemy Lagi, Tab. 8, is ancestor of all the Mace- 
donian line, which ends with Cleopatra, in the eighth 
generation after him. All the kiugs are named Ptolemy, 
with some other title. 

Elbn?uf Tab. 19. 

Enghien. Tab. 18, Condc. 



England. Tables 20, 21, 22, 23 especially ; also, 7, 8, 24, 25, 
28, 29, 82. 

Este. Albert Azo, Tables 7, 8. From Lis son Fulco was de- 
scended Borso, first Duke of Ferrara and Modena; the 
line ended in 1803, having had thirteen dukes in nine 
generations. James II. '8 wife (2:^) was daughter of 
Alfonso IV. In 1803 Modena went to Ferdinand of 
Austria, brother of Joseph II. (10). who had married the 
heiress. His g.-son was deposed in ISOO. 

Etruria, Louis, King of Tab. 12. 

Eu, a branch of Artois. Tab. 13. 

Evreu.\. The first house of Evreux is a branch of the house 
of Normandy; see Montfort. As a branch of the royal 
house of France, Louis, first Count of Evreux (14), was 
father of Philip, through whom the line of Evreux be- 
came that of Navarre (14). 



Farnese. See Parma. 

Fitzdarence. Tab. 23. 

Flanders, Tables 5, 20, especially 32. 

Flavians. The three emperors, Ves|iasian and his sons Titus 
and Domitian. 

Foi.x. An ancient family of Southwest France which, by 
marriage of its heiress, was united w ith that of Grailly ; 
but the name of Foix was adopted by the other house. 
The leaduig branch becomes the royal house of Navarre 
by marriage of Gaston IV. with Q. Eleanor (14). Gas- 
ton's brother, Peter of Lautrec, was grandfather of Odet 
de Foix, A 1528, Marsha] Lautrec of France ; of Thomas 
do Lescun. marshal, + 1.'25 ; and of their sister Frances, 
A 1537, Countess Chateanbriant, reputtd mistress of 
Francis I. John, second son of Q. Eleanor, was father 
of Gaston de Foix, Duke of Nemours. 1 1512, and of Ger- 
mana, A 1538, second wifeof Ferdinand Il.of Aragon (11). 

France. Kariing, Tables 6, G; Capetian, 0, 7, 13; Valois, 
14 ; Bourbon and Orleans, 1 ; in Spain by marriage, etc., 
11,12; and in Spanish Succession, 31 ; in England, 21, 
22, 23 ; in Flanders, 32 ; in Savoy, 26. 

Franche-Comte. Tab. 5, 32. See Burgundy. 

Franconia, dukes and kings, emperors. Tables 0, 7, 8. 

Friuli. Tab. 5. 

G 

Germany. Tables 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 10, 31. Various countries see 
under their own names. 

Gloucester. Tab. 22. 

Godwin's Family. Tab. 20. 

*Gonzaga. Mantua fell into the power of this family, 1828 ; 
Sigismund made John Francis a marquis, 1433 ; Fred- 
erick was made duke by Charles V., 1530 ; line ended, 
1708 ; Austria took Mantua. See Nevers. 

Gracchi. Tab. 1. in Chart, Cent. II. n. c, p. 24. 

Greece, Kings of, modern. Tab. 25, and Denmark. 

Grey. T.ab. 2.3. 

Guelfs or Welfs. Tables 7, 8, 23. See Alsace, Brunswick. 

Guise. Tab. 19. 

11 

Hainault = Ilennegau. Tab. 32. 

Hanover. Tab. 23. .Sot' Brunswick. 

Ilapsburg. See Austria. 

Ilarcoiirt. Tab. 19. Beside the Lorraine branch, there was 

a junior branch noted for Marshal Ilarcourt, 1708-171S, 

and his sons. 



113 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



Harold's line. Tab. 20. 

Hastings. Tables 2t1, 22. 

Hesse. Tab. 27. Begins with Henry I., landgrave, 1267- 
1309, of whom see Brabant. Central position made Hesse 
(part of old Thuringia) important. Of several branches 
Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt have been chief. See 
Electors in '• Index to Charts,'" p. 59. 

Hohonstaufens. Tab. 8. Named from a castle near Gup- 
pingen, east of Stuttgart. 

Hohenzollern. Tab. 24. 

Holland. Became a county under Dietrich I., A 1091. His 
g.-g.-son J'lorent, or Florence III., a crusader, married 
Ada of Scotland ; see the rest of the line in Tables 29 and 
32. Later Holland see in Tab. 2S ; see, too, Orange and 
Nassau, and Tab. 7. 

Holstein. Tables 27, 33, 

Howard. Tab. 23. See Mowbray. Queen Anne Boleyn's 
mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas, sec- 
ond Duke of Norfolk. Queen Catherine Howard waa 
first-cousin of Anne Boleyn, her father Lord Edmund 
being second son of the same second duke. Into the 
Howard family came the honors of the Mowbrays and 
of the titzalans. Earls of Arundel. 

Hungary. St. Stephen, Tab, 7, had no heirs ; the crown 
passed to others of the same family, called the house of 
Arpad (Harpad); then to the house of Anjou, Tab. 17, 
which ended in that branch with "'King Mary," Tables 
9 and 17. After Elizabeth, Sigismund's daughter, and 
her cousin Ladislas V., came Matthias Corvinus (Chart, 
Cent. XV.) ; then the Ladislas who united Bohemia and 
Hungary. See, for the rest, Bohemia. 

Huntingdon. Tab. 29. Through his mother. Prince Henry 
had feudal irosscssion of Huntingdonshire in England. 



Isaurians. A Byzantine dynasty. Loo III. and IV., Constan- 
tino V. and VI. ; see the succession in Chart of Cent, 
VIIL Irene was wife of Leo IV., mother of Constan- 
tiue YI. 



Jerusalem. First king, Godfrey of Bouillon; see Lorraine, 
II. Next is his bro. Baldwin; all others are descended 
from his sister Ida, or have title by marriage with her 
descendants. Tables 33, 17, 19, and Frederick II. in 8. 

Joinville. Tables 16, 19. 

Joyeuse. The ducal title first appears with three brothers : 
1, Ann, 1 15S7, admiral, favorite of Henry III.; 2, Henry, 
general, marshal, head of the Catholic League, A 1603; 
3, Francis, A 1615, cardinal and duke. Henry's daughter 
carries tlie title to the Guises. Tab. 19. 

Julian Ca'sars. Tab. 2, in Chart, Cent. I., p. 26. Julian, 
Tab. 3. 

Juliers. Tab. 80. 



Karlings. Tables 5 and G. 



Lancaster. Tables 21 and 22. 

Latin Emperors. Rule at Constintinople, 1204-1261. Ta- 
bles 13 and 32. 
Lenox. Tab, 23. 
Leon. Tab. 11. 



Longueville. A French house derived from the noted gen- 
eral John Dnnois, A 146S, natural son of Louis of Or- 
leans, Tab. U, brother of Charles VI. It died out in 
1707. Most noted duke, Uenrj', A 1663. Famous duch- 
esses, Mary of Guise, Tab. 19, and Anne of Conde, 
Tab. 17. 

Lorraine. Takes its name {LotJiringen in German) from 
Lothair (5), son of Emp. Lothair. Kings or dukes of 
different famihes (6 and 7) hold the whole of it, from 
Alsace to the sea, till it is divided in 959 into Upper and 
Lower. 

I. Upper Lorraine, the Moselle region, is given to 
the Counts of Bar: Frederick I,, A 984; his son Dietrich 
L, A 1026; his son Frederick III., Tab. 8. It passes, 
1027-1048, to the dukes of Lower Lorraine; then to 
Gerard of Alsace, Tab. 5, who marries a Kariing, and 
Is founder of the house in Tab. 19. His son Thierry, or 
Dietrich (32), marries (second wife) Gertrude of Flanders ; 
Thierry's son Simon by first wife continues the house of 
Lorraine, while Gertrude's son Thierrj' (32) becomes Count 
of Flanders. The Lorraine so important in French his- 
tory is this Upper Lorraine. Connection with Anjou, 
Tables 17 and 19. 

II. Lower Lorraine, region of the Maas, Waal, and 
Scheldt. This is finally called Brabant; but it is not 
properly so called before 1100. The dukes of Lower Lor- 
raine are of seven families, and are mostly named God- 
frey. Charles the Karling and his son Otto, Tab. T), were 
the second family. The third was from the counts of 
Ardennes and Verdun: Godfrey III., 1005-1023; his 
bro. Gozelo I., 1023-1044 ; Godfreys IV. and V., son and 
g.-son of Gozelo I., Tab. 8; then (after Conrad, son of 
Emp. Henry IV.) comes Godfrey VI., the renowned 
crusader called Godfrey of Bouillon, who was son of Ida, 
sister of Godfrey V. In 1106, the Count of Louvnin, fol- 
lowing Henry of Limburg, is made duke as Godfrey VII., 
A 1140; his son Godfrey VIIL (whose sister Adelaide 
was second wife of Henry I. of England), A 1143; his 
son Godfrey IX. is duke 1143-1190. His son Henry I., 
Tab. 32, is Duke of Lower Lorraine and Brabant; after 
him the older title is dropped. See Brabant. 

Luxemburg (Luetzelburg). A noted house in the middle 
ages; see marriages, Tables 7, 14, 15, IS, 32. One 
branch became imperial, Tab. 9. The branches of Ligny, 
St. Paul (St. Pol), Piney, etc., became French houses. 
Famous is the Constable St. Pol, James, killed by Louis 
IX. in 1475. Jacqueline (notes in Tables 22 and 32) was 
his sister. Of the Piney line was Francis, Marshal Lux- 
embourg, time of Louis XIV. 

M 

Maccdon, Tab. 3. Macedonian Emperors, see Basilians. 

Maine. Tables 16 and 17. 

Majorca. Tab. 11. Only three kings: James I, A 1311; his 
eon Sancho, A 1324; and James II., g.-son of James I., 
deposed 1343 by Peter the Cruel. His son James was 
titular king. Tab. 17, as James III. 

Mantua. See Gonzaga. 

March and Marche. The latter, a title in the house of Lusi- 
gnan, passed to the Bourbons, Tab. 15, March was an 
English title, given to the Mortimers, lords of Wigmore, 
on the Welsh march or border. Roger, first Earl March, 
was paramour of Queen Isabel, murderer (?) of Edward 
II. (21), and hanged November 29, 1330. His g.-son 
Ednmnd, third earl, and others, see Tab. 22. Title passes 
to the crown. 

Mark. Tab. 30. 



u 



113 



INDEX TO GENEALOdlC'AL TABLES. 



Maurionno. Tab. 26. 

Maytmne. Tab. 19. 

Mtckk-nbiirg. The wife of George III. (23), and her niece 
Louisa (-24), motlicr of Emp. "William I. of Prussia, were 
of this house, an ancient Slavonian line of dukes. The 
main line, Mecklenburjj-Schwerin. is now under its twcn- 
ty-fom-th duke ; the line of Meeklenburg-Strelitz, sepa- 
rated about 1701), is under its seventh- Protestant fam- 
ily ; dci)rived in the Thirty Years' "War, but restored by 
GuRtavus Adolphus (27). Marriages with northern 
houses only. 

Medici. Florence, and thus Tuscany, fell into the power of 
Cosmo dc' Medici in 1448. From him came the elder 
branch: his g.-son Lorenzo, the Magnificent, A 14'J2; 
Lorenzo's sous [Pope Leo X., Julian, Duke of Nemours 
(q. V.)], and their cousin, Pope Clement VIL; and the 
famous Catherine (14), g.-g. -daughter of Lorenzo. Alex- 
ander, Tab. 12, was half-brother of Catherine. The 
younger branch was derived from Lorenzo, brother of 
Cosmo, founder of the elder. Hence came Lorenzo's 
g.-g.-g.-son, Cosmo L, the first grand-duke, in 156;*. and 
his g.-daughter Wary (IG), wife of Henry IV". The lino 
ended in 1737. Tuscany fell to Emp. Francis I. (10) and 
his descendants. 

Merco?ur. Tab. 18. 

*Merovings, Merovingians, Line of descendants of Clovis. 
Dagobert I, was his g.-g. -g, -son (Chart, p. 32). 

Mexico. Maximilian, usurper, Tab. 31. Iturbide, "Emper- 
or," was a usurping Mexican, 1S22, 1623, t 1S24. 

Milan. See Visconti. 

Modena. See Este. 

Monmouth. Tab. 23. 

Montague. Tab. 22. 

*Montferrat. Noted liouse in the middle ages. Conrad of 
Montferrat (called by Scott, in " The Talisman," Mont- 
Gerrat) was King of Jerusalem. 1192. Mary, mother of 
Emp. Frederick 11. 's wife Tolanda (S). was daughter of 
Conrad. Mary dc Brcn (32 I.) was half-sister of Yolan- 
da, but not daughter of Mary, Line dated from the time 
of Charlem.agnc and had many marriages with royal and 
great houses ; ended 1530. Frederick 11. of Mantua had 
married the linal heiress. The male line was broken ])re- 
viously but once, when Theodore, son of E, Emperor 
Andronicus II., in 1300, became Marquis of Montferrat, 
as son of the heiress Violante or Irene. 

Montfort. Tables IS, 21, 32. The line of Montfort I'Amaury 
came from Aniaury, a lord in Hainault about lt52. Simon 
II., A 1103. married Agnes of Evrcux, g.-g.-daughter of 
Eichard I.. Normandy (21). Ilis son (or nephew) Simon 
III., A lisi, mai-ried Amicia, daughter of EobcrL, third 
Earl of Leicester, England; their son Simon IV., tho 
Persecutor, + 121S, was made Earl of Leicester, 1206. 
nis elder son Amaury took the French possessions, 
which went by his g.-daughter Beatrix to Dreux (IS); 
the younger son, Simon (21), became the famous Earl of 
Leicester, founder of the House of Commons ; he had no 
grandsons. 

*Monttnorenci. An ancient, wealthy, and powerful French 
house, divided into several branches after 1477, as 
Nivelle Uhe famous Count Horn, t 1568, was of this 
line), Fosseux, Wastines, and Boutteville, in the Nether- 
lands : the ducal line, and Laval, in France. Noted are 
M.itthew I., A 1160; Matthew II.. the great Constable. 
A 1230, general at Bouvincs. ''allied by birth and mar- 
riage to all sovereigns of Europe;" Ann. A 1567. oonsta- 
Me Tuider four kings, dnkf, and peer; Admiral Damville, 
A 1614: Henry, last duke, executed by liichelieu, 1632, 
beinir then marshal and Governor of Languedoc. His 



sister Charlotte, A 1650. was wife of Ilcnry II. of Conde 
(18), No other family shows such an accumulation of 
dignities, employments, and merit ; there were six con- 
stables (Matthew the Great made this office equivalent to 
commander-in-chief), twelve marshals, four admii-als, 
and a great number of minor officers; and, at last, four 
duchy-peerages, viz., Luxembourg, Montmorency, Cha- 
tillon, and Laval. 

Montpensier. Tables 15, 16 (two houses). &\'e Berri. 

Mora^^a. Tab. 9. 

Mortimer. Tab. 22, See March. 

Mowbray, Tab. 21. First family name of Earls of Norfolk ; 
ended in the Howard family by an heiress, [The first 
Earl of Norfolk was Thomas dc Brotherton (21), son of 
Edward L] 

N 

Naples. Tables 11, 12. 13. 14, especially 17. See Sicily. 

Napoleon. Tab. 31. See Bonaparte. 

Nasica. See Scipio, Tab. 1, p. 24. 

Nassau. House begins with Otto, Tab. 7 ; seventh descend- 
ant from liim was Henry the Rich. A 12r>4, whose sons 
Walram IV. and Otto, or Otho, found the lines called 
Nassau-Walram and Nassau-Otto; tho former line re- 
mained in Germany; the latter^ained the Netherlands, 
and became the house of Orange -Nassau. Emperor 
Adolf (cf 9 and 25) was son of Walram IV. John III., 
Tab. 28, was sixth descendant from Otto, founder of tho 
other line. 

Navarre. Tables 11, 14, 15. 

Nemours. The title ''Duke of Nemours" is often a puzzle, 
because it was held by several families. Beginning 14ii4, 
it was held by Charles the Noble, of Navarre (14), till 
1425 ; given by Louis XI. to James of Armagnac, whom 
he executed 1477 ; given to James's son Louis, A 1503 ; 
then to Gaston de FoLv (see Foix); then, in 1515, to 
Juliano de' Medici, A 1516, husband of Philiberta of 
Savoy, aunt of King Francis I. (20); then to I'hilip of 
Savoy (26), Philiberta's brother; Henry of Nemours (19), 
A 1632, was g.-sonof this Philip, once chief of the League 
iu Fr,ance, and g.-father of Mary, wife of Charles Eman- 
uel II. (26). About 1666 the title was given to Philip of 
Orleans, brother of Louis XIV., and remains in that fam- 
ily, Tab. 16. 

Neuburg. Tables 25, 30, 31. 

Nevers, Tab. 32 II. Passes in 1491 from Philip, son of 
Philip the Bold, by a g,-d. heinss to the house of Cleves; 
thence, 1563, to the dukes of Mantua, forming the line 
called Gonzaga-Nevers ; thence, by sale, the lands and 
title passed. 1641, to Philip Julius Mancini, nephew of 
Cardinal Mazarin. It illustrates tho changes of posses- 
sion and title in the middle ages that in less than a cen- 
turj', 1181-1272. Nevers went by five successive heiresses 
to the houses of Courtenay. Donzy, Bourbon-Areham- 
bault. Burgundy, royal France (Tristan, son of Louis IX,), 
and Flanders. 

Ne^il. Tab. 22, Ancestry traced to Ethelred II. (20), and so 
to Egbert and Cerdic. 

Norfolk, Tab. 21. See Mowbray and Howard. 

Normandy. Tables 5. 8, 20, 32; especially 21. 

Norway. " Maid of Norway," Tab. 29. First known King of 
Norway was Harold HarfaLT. 863-934 (*?), though tradition 
runs to Olaf Tretelgja, 600 (?). Harold Ilardrada. killed 
at Stamford Bridge, 1066. was ancestor of all later kings 
to Mairnu.s Smek. heir of Sweden and Norway, 1319-1361, 
A 1374. (His mother Ingeburga, first-cousin of the "Maid 
of Nurw.ay " and heu-ess upon her dejith, married Erik of 



114 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



Sweden, brother of Kin;; Birger H.) Magnus's son Hacn 
VI. married Margaret the Great of Denmark, who united 
the three crowns. /St'6 Denmark. 



O 

Orange. Tables 28, 28. Orange was a princiiMlity near 
Ayignon in France (see p. 73). The Prince of Orange 
noted in wars of Charles V. in Italy was Philibert of 
Chalons, A IMO, brother of Claudia the heiress (28). 

Orleans. Tables 14, Hi. 



*PalreoIogi. A dj-nasty of Byzantine emperors beginning 
with Michael VIII., 1260-1282. All after him were his 
descendants, except the usoi'per John Cantacuzenus, 1311- 
1355. The last of the line, Constantine XII., died May 
20, 14,t3, fighting the Turks in the lin.al assault upon Con- 
stantinople. 

Palatine, Palatinate. Tables 2.5, 8, 9. 

I'arnia. Made a duchy in 1545 for Peter Aloysins, son of 
Pope Paul III., Farnese; held by that family till carried 
to Philip v., Spain, by Elizabeth, heiress, 1731. Tab. 12 
shows later dukes. 

Penthievre. Tables 16, IS. 

Percy. Tab. 22. An English family of Norman origin, be- 
coming Earls of Northumberland. Hotspur's father was 
fii-st earl, and his son the second. The male hno and 
name ended 16T0 ; the name was granted, 1766, to Sir 
Hugh Smithson, who married Elizabeth Seymour, g.-d. 
of Elizabeth Perc.v, the heiress of 1670. 

Pinken. Tab. 29. 

Pi.antagenet. Tables 21, 22. 

Poland. The house of Piast (Piast was first duke, A S61) 
ruled as dukes till Premislas became king, 12!I5. Boles- 
las had assumed in 1077, but failed to maintain, that title. 
The last Piast, Casimir III. the Great (Chart, Century 
XIV.), left his kingdom to Louis, Tab. 17, son of his sis- 
ter Elizabeth and Cbarobert of Hungary-Anjou. Her 
g.-d. Iledwige (17) married Jagelion, Duke of Lithuania, 
but their children did not survive to reign. Casimir IV, 
was son of Jagelion; his g.-son Sigismund II., A 1572, 
was the last male of that house ; Sigismund's Bister 
Catherine and her descendants see In Tab. 27. After 
1668 the crown was elective. See Tab. 10 and Sobieski. 

Pole, de la. Tab. 22. 

Portugal. Henry of Burgundy, Tab. 13, married ft daughter 
of Alfonso VI., Tab. 11 ; their son Alfonso was first King 
of Portugal. The legitimate line ending with Ferdinand, 
ninth king, in 1383, John I., Tab. 22, natural son of Fcr- 
din.and's father Pedro the Severe, was made king. On 
the death of King Henry the Cardinal, 15S0, there were 
si.x claimants ; and one of them, Philip II. of Spain, seized 
Portugal, which his g.-son Philip IV. lost in 1640. John 
IV., Duke of Braganza, g.-son of Catherine (who was 
niece of King Henry and was legal heir in 1580), took the 
throne. See Brazil. The present king, Louis I., is son 
of Maria da Gloria and of Ferdinand of 8a.\e-Coburg, a 
cousin of Queen Victoria. See Belgium. Maria had a 
war of succession with her father's brother, Miguel, 
1828-18-33. 

Provence. Tables 5, 16. 

Prussia. Tables 24, 28, 80. 

Ptolemy. See Egj-pt. 



Komanoff. Tab. 83. 
Eos, de. Tab. 29. 
Eothsay. Tab. 29. 
PvUrik. Tab. 83. 
Kussia. Tab. 83. 



S 



E 



Eeichstadt. Tab. 31. 
Eicheuiont. Tab. 18. 



Sahsbury. Tab. 22. 

Savoy. T.ables 6, 26 especially, 32. 

Sa.TOn, Saxony. Saxon kings of England, Tab. 20. 

I. Lewis the Saxon, Tab. 6. Saxon emperors : Henry 
I., Ottos I., II., III., and Henry II., Tab. 6. Their duke- 
dom of Saxony goes to Hermann Billung, A 973, whose 
Une ends with Magnus, A 1106, the father of Wulf hilde, 
Tab. 8. Another part of Saxony (Lower Saxony) had 
passed to a junior son of Henry the Fowler, thus to 
Eichenza (Kichsa) and Lothair, Tab. 8. ; to Henry the 
Proud and Henry the Lion, Dukes of Bavaria. In tho 
breaking up of his domains. Saxony goes to the next 
house. 

II. Albert the Bear, Marquis and Elector of Bran- 
denburg, 1142, an Ascanian (q. v.), was head of the next 
house. His mother Elieka was younger sister of Wulf- 
hilde (above) ; and he had Saxony a few years, 1138-1142; 
he held also Anhnlt. His son Otto became Elector of 
Brandenburg, which see. Albert's son, Bernard, in 1180 
received Saxony, and was first elector (A 1212). Ber- 
nard's son Henry (A 1252) received Anhalt ; his other 
son Albert (A 1280) received Saxony and the electorship. 
This share was again divided ; the younger son John re- 
ceived Sa.xe-Lauenburg, which line ended in 1689, and 
Lauenburg went to Brunswick-ZeU ; the elder son, Albert 
of Wittenberg (A 1279), had tho rest of Sa.\ony, and con- 
tinued the line of electoral dukes, which ended with 
Albert III., A 1422, g. -g.-son of Albert of Wittenberg. 

III. The electorate and duchy was then transferred 
to the house of Wettin, who claimed to trace ancestry 
through the Margraves of Misnia to Witikind. the Saxon 
chief of 800. Tho first electors of this line see in Tab. 9 and 
the note there. From John Frederick, Ernest's g.-son, 
the electorate went to Maurice, son of Henry, son of Al- 
bert, Ernest's brother. The twelfth elector of this Alber- 
tine line (eighteenth of Wettin house) becomes king, Ta- 
bles 10, 25. 

Scipios. Tab. 1, in Chart, Century I. b. c, p. 24. 

Scotland. Tables 7, 23, 29. 

Sempronii, Gracchi. See Scipios, p. 24. 

Seymour. Tab 23. 

Sforza. See Viscontl. 

Sicily. Eoger I., Count of Sicily, A 1101, brother of P,obert 
Guiscard, A 1085, was one of tho remarkable family of 
sons of Tancred of Hanteville ; Tancred tho crusader was 
son of his sister Emma. King Roger, A 1154, was son 
of Count Eoger. William I. and II., son and g.-son of 
King Roger, follow ; the latter was brother-in-law of 
Richard Co?ur de Lion. After Tancred and William III., 
in 1194, came Constantia. daughter of King Roger, and 
her husband, Henry VI., Tab. 8. Their descendants. 
Tab. 8, were rulers till Peter of Aragon, Tab. 11, got 
Sicily, while Charles of An.jou, T.ab. 17, got Naples. Tho 
rulers of Sicily and Naples to Charles V. are in Tables 11 
and 17; those after Charles V., till the new kingdom of 
Italy, are in T.ab. 12. 

Simmeren. Tab. 25. 

Sobieski, John, A 1096, was a noted warrior and King of Po- 
land ; Theresa, Tab. 2.5, was his d.anghter ; Mary, Tab. 
28, was daughter of his sou James Lewis. 



115 



INDEX TO GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



8oissons. A French house with branch in Savoy, Tab. 26. 
Somerset. Tables 23 and 23. The Dulces of Somerset in 

Tab. 23 are Seymours, and are numbered anew, so that 

two persons are called third duke. 
Spain. Tables 9, 10, 11,12; Spanish succession, 31. Spiinish 

marriages appear in Tables of Austria, France, England, 

and Savoy. 
Spoleto. Tab. 5. 
Stafford. Tab. 23. 
Stuart. Tables 29, 23. 
Styria. Tables 9, 10. 
Suffolk. Tables 23, 23. 
Sulzbach. Tab. 26. 
Swabia. Tables T, 8, 9. 
Sweden. Tables 27 especially, and 24. See Norway. 



Taranto. Tables 17, 20. 

Thessalonlca. Tob. 17. Wife of Oassandcr, Tab. 3. 

Thuringia. Tab. S. Thuringia passed by -Judith, a sister of 
Lewis IV., the S-aintly, to the Margraves of Misnia, and 
thus to the house of Wettiu. See Sa.\ouy, III. 

Toulouse. Tables 13, 10. 

Tudors. Tables 23, 23. 

Turenne. Tab. 28. 

Tuscany. Tables 8, 10. See Medici. 

Tyrol. Tab. 10. 



U 



Ulster. Tables 21, 22. 



Valois. Tab. 14. 
Vaudemont. Tab. 19. 



Vendfime. Tables 15, 16. 

Vermandois. Tables 5, 6 ; 13, 32. 

Viana. Tab. 14. 

Visconti. A family which ruled Milan and thus Lombardy 
from 1311. The first duke was John Galeazzo, 1376-1402, 
who married Isabel (14), and whose sister married Lionel 
(22). With his sons, John Mary, A 1412, and PhiUp Mary, 
A 1447, the line ended. Francis Sforza, a general whose 
wife was natural daughter of Philip Mary, succeeded 
him ; A 1400. His two sons and three g.-sons were 
Dukes of Milan, the last dying 1630, when Charles V. 
gave Milan to his son Philip II. of Spain. 

W 

Warwick. Tab. 22. 

Weldentz. T.ab. 26. 

Welfs. Tables 7, 8. See Alsace, Bavaria, r.ninswick, Sa-x- 
ouy. 

Wettiu. See Saxony, Eabenbergs. 

*Wurtemberg. This house traces back to a Count Eberhard 
who is said to have married a daughter of C-harlem.agne. 
Ulric and Eberhard are favorite names in the family. 
Eberhard III. defeated the Swabian League at Bofliiigen 
(Chart, Cent. XIV. 1. Eberhard VI. became Duke Eber- 
hard I. in ]4;i5. The sbcteenth duke became King Fred- 
erick I. in ISO.i, followed l.slO by William I. (A l.b64), 
whose son Charles I. now reigns. 



York. Tab. 23. 



Zaebringers. See Baden. 



TnE END. 



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